Documents found
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41.More information
On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, which impacted all sectors of society. The pandemic also led to unfavorable social attitudes as well as strained relations that included stigmatization and discrimination. Politicized media coverage also polarized public opinion, leading to divisions within the population. In Europe, anti-government rhetoric was fuelled by extremist movements, while in Belgium, the crisis exacerbated polarization and the dissemination of conspiracy theories, thus increasing the risk of radicalization. This study aims to identify the profiles of leaders and active members contesting COVID-19 measures, in addition to examining their ideological discourse, to gain an understanding of the dynamics of polarization and radicalization. The results demonstrate a generalized distrust of institutions, an adherence to conspiracy theories and an anti-establishment stance. Despite these groups not intrinsically being radical or extremist, the sense of injustice felt by members calls for special attention to prevent a possible escalation into violence. The practical implications suggest the value of developing tools to reduce the risk of radicalization and monitor the evolution of these groupings.
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43.More information
Keywords: communs, enclosures, plateformes, communautés, documents, commons, enclosures, platforms, communities, documents
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44.More information
The public authorities, at least in Europe and in particular in France, appear to prefer that private activities take place within a framework of co-regulation and inter-operative norms, and therefore of cooperation between sources of law, rather than in a framework of self-regulation and of multiple norms. This is why they tend to encourage co-regulation and, consequently, inter-operative standards. As a result, some of the processes used to produce law have evolved, and co-regulation may constitute an interesting focus of study for legal methodology. Taking the example of Internet law, this article attempts to provide a more effective description of the issues and responses offered by authors and institutions, particularly in France.
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45.More information
If historically, heritage digital libraries were initially made up of images, they rapidly benefited from the optical character recognition (OCR) technology to index print collections and improve reference services for users. However, access to iconographic resources has not experienced the same progression, remaining somewhat difficult to access. Manual indexation is not very efficient, it is varied and impossible to apply uniformly. Searching the content of an image is not as effective with heritage collections. Today, it is possible to improve the use of these resources by exploiting large volumes of OCR produced over the past two decades (both the textual descriptors as well as the automatic identification of the illustrations in the printed documents) and to take advantage of proven artificial intelligence techniques, especially deep learning. In doing so, it will showcase engravings, drawings, photographs, maps, etc. as such but also the point of entry to the collections by improving discovery and connections.This article describes an ETL (extract-transform-load) approach as it applies to the images in a digital library with an encyclopedic vocation. There are three components: 1) identify and extract the iconography wherever it is found, either in images or in the printed documents, 2) transform, harmonise and enrich the descriptive metadata with the help of artificial intelligence, and 3) incorporate this data into a web application dedicated to iconographic research. This is a two-pronged approach because it highlights existing digital resources and takes advantage of the benefits of artificial intelligence.
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46.More information
Citizenship implies rights and duties. Among others, a citizen is due to pay taxes in order to contribute financially to the social contract. However, many of them avoid taxes, and globalization has worsened this phenomenon. For long, the states could criticize and fight against such practices on the basis of the concept of citizenship. However, the development of a so-called “world citizenship” (a concept that needs to be explored) has rendered that task more difficult for the states. This article is based on an analysis of the concept of citizenship as well as a sociological survey among thirty-five individuals of the economic elite.
Keywords: citoyen, citoyenneté, contribuable, devoir fiscal, élite économique, évasion fiscale, évitement fiscal, impôt, mondialisation, citizen, citizenship, financial elite, globalization, tax avoidance, tax duty, tax evasion, taxpayer
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47.More information
The stronger the GAFA's influence, the more we become aware of the fragility of the democratic societies that engendered them. The decline of the press and professional journalism increases the risk of large-scale manipulations that the crowd does not know how to guard against. The largest digital companies are aware of the risks they pose to us all, but do not know and can not stave off them in the context of the fierce competition that forces them to seek ever more ways to capture everyone's attention.
Keywords: monopoles, Mark Zuckerberg, presse, attention, monopolies, Mark Zuckerberg, media, attention
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48.More information
The network societies live themselves as integrated communities. It is particularly difficult for them to perceive themselves as a profound disruption of the traditional ways of life that lead to social integration. We must use authors like Georg Simmel to understand how modern societies are accelerating their tempo and generating collectives whose anthropological anchoring is very precarious despite their driving force on the whole of humanity.
Keywords: Georg Simmel, communauté, morale, individualisme, réseaux, Georg Simmel, community, ethics, individualism, networks
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