Documents found
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54.More information
Following Edward Snowden's revelations, end-to-end encryption is becoming increasingly widespread in messaging tools—solutions that propose a large variety of ways to conceal, obfuscate, disguise private communications and online activities. Designing privacy-enhancing tools requires the identification of a threat model that serves to agree upon an appropriate threshold of anonymity and confidentiality for a particular context of usage. In this article, we discuss different use-cases, from “nothing-to-hide” low-risk situations to high-risk scenarios in war zones or in authoritarian contexts, to question how users, trainers, and developers co-construct threat models, decide which data to conceal, and how to conceal it. We demonstrate that classic oppositions such as high-risk versus low-risk, privacy versus security, should be redefined within a more relational, processual, and contextual approach.
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56.
Positionnement et éléments de cadrage préalable pour aborder les transitions numérique et écologique
More informationThis text provides a preliminary framework for tackling digital and ecological transitions. After contextualizing the now central issue of global warming and highlighting the need for transitions, the authors identify and put into perspective the emergence of this notion and the rationales that impede transition(s). Paradoxically, despite a number of similarities in the processes and names used, the logics underlying digital transition and ecological transition are at odds with each other, between an optical illusion and a semantic hold-up. The digital transition is an oxymoron because the widespread digitalization of society does not encourage restraint. Is using this vocabulary anything more than a tactic to divert attention from digital growth that is already in the pipeline?
Keywords: transition, numérique, écologie, capitalisme, néolibéralisme, industrialisme, énergie, prospérité, transition, digital, ecology, capitalism, neoliberalism, industrialism, energy, prosperity, transición, digital, ecología, capitalismo, neoliberalismo, industrialismo, energía, prosperidad
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57.More information
This article examines challenges associated with the sustainability of the digital sector in key sectors such as cloud computing, targeted advertising, online video, cryptocurrencies, and generative artificial intelligence. Firstly, it explores the innovation strategies that globally impactful companies (Google, Facebook, Netflix, and OpenAI) adopt to mitigate their environmental impact. The study highlights the evolution of innovation objectives, shifting from enhancing product performance to optimizing production processes within often collaborative frameworks. Secondly, it analyses the dissemination of digital sobriety practices among IT service providers, putting their efforts into perspective and addressing the limitations of their actions to tackle sobriety challenges. Finally, the article investigates the relationship between digital sobriety and the nature of technological platforms, highlighting the specific challenges posed by cryptocurrencies and advertising platforms. The study concludes with a set of recommendations regarding information, training, incentives, and regulation to foster a more digitally sober sector.
Keywords: stratégie, open innovation, données massives, sobriété numérique, GAFAM, strategy, open innovation, big data, digital sobriety, GAFAM, estrategia, innovación abierta, datos masivos, sobriedad digital, GAFAM
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59.More information
The COVID-19 health crisis marked the year 2020. The entire university community, university members and public service users alike, was not spared by this health emergency, which hit especially hard in France. This crisis, experienced as a real shock for some, generated several other crises within universities. Take, for example, the learning crisis experienced by students and members, who had to develop new professional practices, or the organizational crisis: how to ensure public service continuity? In this article, we build the case, through several signs found in our observations, that several types of changes, in the form of creative digital subversions, appeared in order to solve new problems: the arrival of new tools and new uses, the adaptation of modes of communication of digital governance, and finally, the development of the regulatory framework.
Keywords: Subversion numérique, transformation numérique des universités, gouvernance numérique, dynamique des mutations numériques, numérique, Digital subversion, digital transformation of universities, digital governance, dynamics of digital mutations, digital
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60.More information
This article presents the first results of a survey conducted by means of a questionnaire addressed to further education teachers that was put online on April 14, 2020, almost four weeks after the closure of the universities. It is part of an interdisciplinary research project, associating educational sciences and information and communication sciences, dedicated to the work of teachers and students, from kindergarten to university during this unprecedented period. In this contribution, the 1,040 responses to the questionnaire document the way in which out-of-school teachers have endeavoured to implement distance education as a matter of urgency. The article highlights the impact of pre-existing (formal and informal) and heterogeneous digital uses on teaching practices during the “moment of confinement”.
Keywords: Éducation, confinement, COVID‑19, usages numériques, numérique éducatif, enseignement universitaire, Containment, COVID‑19, digital practices, educational digitization, further education