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121.More information
Privacy laws have traditionally been rooted in an individualistic perspective of privacy based on the mechanism of individual consent. When considering the practices of the web giants, whose business model is based on the exploitation of personal data, this perspective seems inadequate: it takes insufficient account of the asymmetries of power and information involved and wrongly assumes that privacy is an individual matter. It therefore fails to adequately protect individuals and thus facilitates the occurence of harmful effects. We first recall the limits of the individualistic conception of privacy protection – the notice and choice or notice and consent model – in relation to the online platforms practices. We then critically consider two solutions based on a collective conception of privacy: data trusts and their apprehension by Quebec civil law, followed by canadian common law fiduciary duties, and more particularly the fiduciary duty of loyalty. While these approaches seem promising, they both have significant limitations that make their implementation difficult to conceive. Firstly, data trusts, based on individual choice to entrust one's data to an external actor, replicate the difficulties associated with the notice and choice model. Their effective implementation also presupposes the interest, understanding and trust of individuals in the mechanism, which are far from being acquired. Secondly, the imposition of a duty of loyalty would require platforms to dramatically change their current business practices, changes that would not come without resistance. Privacy law, both in its individual and collective conception, is insufficient to adequately protect individuals in the digital environment. Other areas of regulation must be brought into play.
Keywords: vie privée, données personnelles, fiducies (), plateformes, devoir de loyauté, privacy law (online privacy), personal data, trusts, platforms, duty of loyalty
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122.More information
An enormous wealth of digital tools now exists for collaborating on scholarly research projects. In particular, it is now possible to collaboratively author research articles in an openly participatory and dynamic format. Here we describe and provide recommendations for a more open process of digital collaboration, and discuss the potential issues and pitfalls that come with managing large and diverse authoring communities. We summarize our personal experiences in a form of ‘ten simple recommendations'. Typically, these collaborative, online projects lead to the production of what we here introduce as Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). We consider a MOOP to be distinct from a ‘traditional' collaborative article in that it is defined by an openly participatory process, not bound within the constraints of a predefined contributors list. This is a method of organised creativity designed for the efficient generation and capture of ideas in order to produce new knowledge. Given the diversity of potential authors and projects that can be brought into this process, we do not expect that these tips will address every possible project. Rather, these tips are based on our own experiences and will be useful when different groups and communities can uptake different elements into their own workflows. We believe that creating inclusive, interdisciplinary, and dynamic environments is ultimately good for science, providing a way to exchange knowledge and ideas as a community. We hope that these Recommendations will prove useful for others who might wish to explore this space.
Keywords: Distributed management, Collaboration, Networking, Open Science
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123.More information
In the context of teaching translation courses, different French translations of the same English original text (President Barack Obama's 2009 inaugural address) are compared. The translations can be divided into those produced by professional translators, those produced by automated tools, and translation learners. Textometric tools allow us to explore the similarities and differences between translations. Using paragraph alignment makes it possible to build a comparison network from which the textometric calculations produce explicit results. The vertical analysis of translations highlights the portions of the original text which translators proceeded in the same way. Using this same approach, we can also, conversely, locate the fragments that leaded to different translations and explore the range of translations. The digital resources compiled during the process of comparison are invaluable for assessing the quality of translation work produced by learners. They also provide the latter with an effective self-assessment tool.
Keywords: enseignement de la traduction, autoévaluation, textométrie, corpus parallèles, translation teaching, self-assessment, textometrics, parallel corpora
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125.More information
Bitcoins are evolving as a modern class of investment assets and it is crucial for investors to manage their investment risk. This paper examines the impact of macroeconomic-financial indicators on Bitcoin price using symmetric and asymmetric version of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models with structural breaks. The asymmetric long-run association ascertained between Bitcoin prices and the macroeconomic-financial indicators is evident. Our empirical results indicate that the Bitcoin cannot be used to hedge against the inflation, Federal funds rate, stock markets and commodity markets. We further find that Bitcoin can be regarded as a hedging device for the oil prices. Our findings have significant implications for market participants who consider including alternate investment assets in their portfolios.
Keywords: Bitcoin, hedging asset, macro-financial parameters, symmetric and asymmetric ARDL models
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126.More information
In contrast with traditional academic disciplines, online educators do not have a generally accepted list of scholarly journals, which is in part a result of the multidisciplinary nature of the field, the relative infancy of online learning, and the view of online pedagogy as an instructional modality rather than a discrete academic discipline. The purpose of this study is to determine a comprehensive listing and relative value ranking of scholarly journals whose content informs online educators and motivates scholarship. After defining the scope of investigation to target peer-reviewed, scholarly journals with an explicit focus on computer-mediated learning (e.g., virtual, electronic, distance, distributive, mobile, and blended learning), 46 scholarly journals were identified as advancing the knowledge base in computer-mediated learning. Popularity, importance, prestige, and overall rankings for each journal are presented. The results inform online educators about the range of scholarly journals available and provide insight into the relative value of journals devoted to computer-mediated learning.
Keywords: Journal Ranking, computer-mediated learning, online educators, e-learning, distance learning, virtual learning, mobile learning, open learning, blended learning
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127.More information
This article presents the rationale, common practices, challenges, and some personal anecdotes from a journal editor on the production, use, and re-use of peer-reviewed, scholarly articles as open educational resources (OER). The scholarly and professional discourse related to open educational resources has largely focused on open learning objects, courseware, and textbooks. However, especially in graduate education, articles published in scholarly journals are often a major component of the course content in formal education. In addition, open access journal articles are critical to expanding access to knowledge by scholars in the developing world and in fostering citizen science, by which everyone has access to the latest academic information and research results. In this article, I highlight some of the challenges, economic models, and evidence for quality of open access journal content and look at new affordances provided by the Net for enhanced functionality, access, and distribution. In the seventeen years since I graduated with a doctorate degree, the climate and acceptance of open access publishing has almost reversed itself. I recall a conversation with my PhD supervisor in which he argued that publishing online was not a viable option as the product would not have permanency, scholarly recognition, or the prestige of a paper publication. His comments reflect the confusion between online resources and those described as open access, but as well illustrate the change in academic acceptance and use of open access products during the past decade. The evolution from paper to online production and consumption is a disruptive technology in which much lower cost and increased accessibility of online work opens the product to a completely new group of potential users. In the case of OER these consumers are primarily students, but certainly access to scholars from all parts of the globe and the availability to support citizen science (Silvertown, 2009) should not be underestimated.
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128.More information
The aim of this article is to shed some light on patterns of and major motives for the adoption of different types of disruptive learning innovations by Unisa academics. To realise the aim of the study, the following questions were addressed: What are the reasons for adopting disruptive learning innovations? What is the level of interaction with disruptive innovations? What training do Unisa academics require on disruptive innovations? A qualitative approach was adopted by conducting focus group interviews with 76 Unisa academics. The data was analysed using open and axial coding, where dominant themes from the discussions were identified and discussed in detail. The findings show that the interaction of Unisa lecturers with different technologies varied from technology to technology. The study also found that disruptive innovations play a pivotal role in opening avenues and collapsing the transactional distance in an ODL institution. Some lecturers lack skill in using some technology, which is a cause for concern. Therefore, lecturers need to be trained in using technology and develop a good understanding of it to improve teaching and learning.
Keywords: disruptive innovations, distance education, open distance learning, Web 2.0, new media, electronic learning, distributed learning
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129.More information
Tocqueville was right : America would be ruled by the public opinion. Facebook connects anybody to his/her friends & relatives, but social networks strengthen the fencing of society. If thousands circulate polemics, the audience will become more frightened and aggressive. Trump's victory reveals an editorialization factor which had been covered by the Facebook's owners & users euphory. Lacking an appropriate framing for a democratic conversation, the social grouping is a caricature for social life. Facebook is just beginning to act. To avoid becoming Fakebook, the company must adjust the freedom of expression to professional editorial processes and a stimulation of civic initiatives, as well as assuming an accountability which was previously out of its scope.
Keywords: Éditorialisation, réseaux sociaux, opinion publique, médias, intox, Facebook, surveillance, fake news, accélérationnisme, Editorialization, social networks, public opinion, medias, fake news, Facebook, surveillance, accelerationism
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130.More information
This report compares two integrated course delivery packages: Centra 6 and WebEx. Both applications feature asynchronous and synchronous audio communications for online education and training. They are relatively costly products, and provide useful comparisons with the two less expensive products to be evaluated in the following report #53. The criteria used in the current evaluation include capacity, interactivity features, integration with learning management systems, technical specifications, and cost. The report ends with a short analysis of the currently emerging audio-conferencing software, Google Talk.
Keywords: audio, video, audio video, videoconferencing