Documents found
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221.More information
The Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision, issued in June 2022 by the U.S. Supreme Court, overturned the Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) rulings on the grounds that the Constitution makes no reference to abortion and that no such right is implicitly protected by any constitutional provision. This decision has had, however, effects beyond U.S. borders.
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222.More information
This article summarises the results of a survey of preschool and primary teachers of an Outaouais-area school board. The online questionnaire was made up of four sections: general information, information-seeking habits, the pedagogical use of information, and resource and numeric materials. The results indicate that teachers have information-seeking habits and practices similar to those observed in university students. The results also show that the integration of information-seeking techniques in the classroom is not widespread. This research project also demonstrates how teachers access resource and numeric materials and use them in learning activities.
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While more than 50% of the world's population is connected to the Internet, the major platforms, and particularly Facebook, have acquired an enormous political power. This new situation forces us to rethink the emancipation project of the enlightenment. In this article, I propose that researchers in the humanities and social sciences take up this challenge by adopting and disseminating new standards of reflexive collective intelligence. Knowledge commons, open science and the sovereignty of individuals over the data they produce are unanimously accepted. But these essential principles are not enough. The available computing and communication power, combined with the use of IEML (a language with computable semantics), enables us to contemplate a transparency of the knowledge, meaning and authority creation processes. I present here the main strategic orientations for reaching these objectives. An epistemological revolution in the human sciences is within reach, and with it a new stage in the evolution of critical thinking.
Keywords: Facebook, IEML, épistémologie, humanités numériques, intelligence collective, transparence, pragmatique, jeux de langage, sémantique, linguistique, révolution scientifique, science ouverte, communs de la connaissance, Lumières, autorité, vérité, Facebook, IEML, epistemology, digital humanities, collective intelligence, transparency, pragmatics, language games, semantics, linguistics, scientific revolution, open science, knowledge commons, Lumières, authority, truth
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224.More information
As freely adoptable digital resources, OpenCourseWare (OCW) have become a prominent form of Open Educational Resources (OER). More than 275 institutions in the worldwide OCW consortium have committed to creating free access open course materials. Despite the resources and efforts to create OCW worldwide, little understanding of its use exists. This paper reports OCW project development at National Taiwan University (NTU) and investigates its use with Google Analytics. Reports include strategic plans to overcome challenges to OCW creation and implementation, the project’s growth and maturation, overall use of OCW, and possible future directions. As a result of its 5-year development and of lessons learned, the NTU-OCW experience features: (1) integrating resources on campus and established operating procedures, (2) setting course selection criteria featuring the strength of NTU and Taiwan, (3) providing coherent program support to enhance faculty participation, and (4) adhering strictly to the Creative Commons license. Data from Google Analytics was reviewed for better understanding of the use, characteristics, course preferences, and behaviors of NTU-OCW users. Results show visitors were primarily lifelong learners (65%) in informal learning settings. Statistics indicate an overall successful use of NTU-OCW for Chinese speaking users, especially in urban areas where information and communication technology is more developed. Potential impacts and future improvements are discussed, including how to promote usage of OCW courses for on and off campus users, adding rating features and indexing for customizing search, and integrating OCW into the learning management system (LMS) as part of OER.
Keywords: open education, open educational resources (OER), online learning, informal learning, OCW concept, higher education
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225.More information
In May 2020 Sidewalk Labs, the Google-affiliated ‘urban innovation' company, announced that it was abandoning its ambition to build a ‘smart city' on Toronto's waterfront and thus ending its three-year relationship with Waterfront Toronto. This is thus a good time to look back and examine the whole process, with a view to drawing lessons both for the future of Canadian smart city projects and the future of public sector agencies with appointed boards. This article leaves to one side the gadgets and sensors that drew much attention to the proposed project, and instead focuses on the governance aspects, especially the role of the public ‘partner' in the contemplated public-private partnership. We find that the multi-government agency, Waterfront Toronto, had transparency and accountability deficiencies, and failed to consistently defend the public interest from the beginning (the Request for Proposals issued in May of 2017). Because the public partner in the proposed ‘deal' was not, as is usually the case in smart city projects, a municipal corporation, our research allows us to address an important question in administrative law, namely: what powers should administrative bodies outside of government have in crafting smart city policies?In Canada, the comparatively limited Canadian scholarly work regarding urban law and governance has mainly focused on municipal governments themselves, and this scholarly void has contributed to the fact that the public is largely unaware of the numerous local bodies that oversee local matters beyond municipal governments. This paper hones into the details of the WT-Sidewalk Labs partnership to understand the powers and limitations of WT in assuming a governmental role in establishing and overseeing ‘smart city' relationships. It ultimately argues that WT has not been – nor should it be – empowered to create a smart city along Toronto's post-industrial waterfront. Such tasks, we argue, belong to democratic bodies like municipalities. An important contribution of this paper is to situate the evolving role of public authorities in the local governance literature and in the context of administrative law.
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226.More information
Over the last decade, controlled languages (CL) have received increased attention in machine translation (MT) research. The vast majority of studies have dealt with the impact of CLs on the quality of the final MT output, but very little work has focused on the impact of MT on the accessibility of target texts for people with special needs. This article represents a first attempt to bridge this gap. We present a comparative linguistic study that seeks to explore whether MT systems are a viable option for translating texts that are easy to read and understand (EtR). We tested DeepL, Google Translate, and Yandex with EtR texts from three different domains in four language pairs. Findings show that DeepL is the highest-performing system, and that Spanish and administrative texts in particular seem to present more challenges. The evaluation of the MT output in terms of linguistic accessibility indicates that the highest number of issues are found at a lexical and stylistic level. Although MT systems do not generate EtR texts of acceptable quality yet, our study highlights the potential of this tool, as well as the challenges of creating multilingual content that is accessible for all.
Keywords: traduction automatique, accessibilité, facile à lire et à comprendre, DQF-MQM, étude comparative, machine Translation, accessibility, easy-to-read, DQF-MQM, comparative study, traducción automática, accesibilidad, lectura fácil, DQF-MQM, estudio comparativo
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227.More information
Keywords: responsabilité sociale
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228.More information
Modern learning theories stress the importance of student-centered and self-directed learning. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) supports this by focusing on small group learning centered around authentic problems. PBL, however, usually relies heavily on face-to-face team collaboration and tutor guidance. Yet, when applied in online/blended environments, such elements may not be feasible or even desirable. This study explores how virtual teams collaborate in online learning tasks in the context of a nine-week Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) where international, virtual teams worked on PBL-like tasks. Twenty-one self-formed teams were observed. An inductive thematic analysis resulted in five themes: 1) team formation and team composition, 2) team process (organization and leadership), 3) approach to task work (task division and interaction), 4) use of tools, and 5) external factors (MOOC design and interaction with others). Overall findings revealed that online, virtual teams can collaborate on learning tasks without extensive guidance, but this requires additional communication and technological skills and support. Explicit discussion about group organization and task work, a positive atmosphere, and acceptance of unequal contributions seem to be positive factors. Additional support is required to prepare participants for virtual team work, develop digital literacy, and stimulate more elaborate brainstorming and discussion.
Keywords: MOOC, problem-based learning, PBL, open educational resources, online learning, virtual teams, team collaboration, design-based research
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229.More information
The RISE (Resource Inspection, Selection, and Enhancement) Framework is a framework supporting the continuous improvement of open educational resources (OER). The framework is an automated process that identifies learning resources that should be evaluated and either eliminated or improved. This is particularly useful in OER contexts where the copyright permissions of resources allow for remixing, editing, and improving content. The RISE Framework presents a scatterplot with resource usage on the x-axis and grade on the assessments associated with that resource on the y-axis. This scatterplot is broken down into four different quadrants (the mean of each variable being the origin) to find resources that are candidates for improvement. Resources that reside deep within their respective quadrant (farthest from the origin) should be further analyzed for continuous course improvement. We present a case study applying our framework with an Introduction to Business course. Aggregate resource use data was collected from Google Analytics and aggregate assessment data was collected from an online assessment system. Using the RISE Framework, we successfully identified resources, time periods, and modules in the course that should be further evaluated for improvement.
Keywords: OER, open educational resources, course evaluation, learning analytics, continuous improvement, The RISE Framework
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230.More information
AbstractThis paper provides a framework for categorizing and describing translation networks. It defines and outlines four main categories of translation networks: profession-oriented, practice-oriented, education-oriented and research-oriented. To better describe these networks, variables affecting their structure and composition are also explored. Finally, the TranslatorsCafé network is analyzed to demonstrate how this framework could be applied to future studies.
Keywords: translation networks, online communities, weak ties, strong ties, professional associations