Documents found
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2672.More information
In today’s urban environments, “datafication” of social interactions and community activities is ubiquitous and actualises in various applications. One may think of sensor-enabled urban mobility, data-driven water supply systems, innovative waste management plants, and so forth. Data-driven solutions, forming the “smart city”, aim to tackle complex urban problems, and largely depend on marketising or privatising public services. Smart city models, therefore, tend to disguise processes of data appropriation by private enterprises (“data ownership”). By contrast, there is a bourgeoning legal literature exploring how decentralised data infrastructures can open up access to “urban data commons” (UDC). A growing number of public-led (eg the DECODE Project in Barcelona), private-led (eg Sidewalk Toronto in Toronto), and informal projects have put data access into practice. These regulatory schemes aim to foster data access and data sharing, but they tend to neglect the redistribution of value flowing from the positive impact of citizens’ interactions and cooperation on smart city vendors’ activities – what I call “positive externalities”. This paper addresses the issue of data-driven value generation and redistribution in the smart city. It argues that data governance encompasses matters of both use and value that need to be addressed jointly. Therefore, it comes up with some recommendations that can help to incorporate matters of value from data-driven activities. Specifically, I seek to explore the ways to remunerate municipalities in cases where smart city vendors harness positive externalities. In doing so, I circumscribe my analysis to two solutions that have distributional implications for the governance of UDC, ie Fritz Schumacher’s proposal of (large-scale) ownership in his classic Small is beautiful: Economics as if people mattered and the (IP) benefit-sharing principle as applied to indigenous communities.
Keywords: Biens communs, Espace public, Espace urbain, Communauté, Smart cities, Données, Société, Privé / public, Smart cities, Commons, Public space, Urban space, Community, Data, Society, Private / public
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2673.More information
During the first wave of 2020 pandemic, a rise in numbers and popularity of commons-based initiatives was observed worldwide, either in digital or cyber-physical form. From the open-source distribution and production of healthcare equipment to the installation of community fridges, such initiatives have influenced the resilience potential of communities. This research analyses disasters as an outcome of vulnerability and risk and seeks links between resilience and commons-based initiatives. It places the emergent digital and cyber-physical commons-based initiatives within metropolitan ecosystems and proposes the measurement of their reflections on the resilience of greater areas. That way, an equitable perspective on resilience measurements is proposed through the analysis of bottom-up initiatives and the inclusion of underrepresented groups. The paper consists of a literature review in the fields of resilience, social capital, commons-based initiatives and ecosystems, providing examples from Boston (MA, USA), Medellín (Colombia) and Athens (Greece). This research, being published after the first shock and within the constant stretch of the 2020 pandemic, aims at opening a discussion and adding to the academic knowledge a more equitable resilience perspective, as well as supporting and framing the impact of commons-based initiatives.
Keywords: Biens communs, Espace public, Espace urbain, Communauté, États-Unis, Grèce, Colombie, Privé / public, Commons, Public space, Urban space, Community, United states, Greece, Colombia, Private / public
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2674.More information
Performance anxiety in children and adolescents is a problem of particular interest for parents as well as teachers, coaches, and health practitioners who support them and contribute to their development on a regular basis. Associated with significant psychological distress and impairments, it has important implications for the expression of their full potential and their developmental trajectory. In this article, we describe the specificities of this phenomenon among children and adolescents and summarize the personal and environmental factors involved. Ultimately, some interventions intended to promote the children and adolescents' well-being are presented.
Keywords: anxiété de performance, enfants, adolescents, interventions, performance anxiety, children, adolescents, interventions
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2676.More information
The objective of this article is to analyze the specificities and the entrepreneurial issues of the atypical work relationship that constitutes the CSA cooperation initiated between a small farmer and a group of volunteer consumers. Similar to a specific form of agricultural collective entrepreneurship, the creation of a community supported agriculture (CSA) materializes through a contractualized commitment of consumers in the activity of agricultural production and direct sales of local food products. The commitment of these consumers can then be compared to a real workforce for the small farmer, facilitating access to complementary expertise and skills. Our research aims to understand how CSA cooperation, as an atypical work relationship, makes it possible to stimulate, within a territory, collective rural entrepreneurship between a small farmer and a group of volunteer consumers. Based on a qualitative methodology, our results show that this atypical work relationship is characterized by a system of co-production, co-management and learning reciprocity. Furthermore, it promotes, for the rural entrepreneur, the establishment of an enabling environment thanks to the principles of replacement, support, education and accompaniment which the creation of a CSA obeys and which strengthen the capacity for action and empowerment of the small farmer. Thus, the purpose of this atypical work relationship lies in “undertaking together” to, ultimately, co-create social value. This entrepreneurial and altruistic approach to the atypical work relationship enriches the academic literature which has, until now, considered it mainly from the worker's vulnerable situation. We also propose to consider it based on the worker's ability to take part in a collective entrepreneurship project by providing a community with a set of expertise and skills.
Keywords: Coopération amapienne, AMAP, Relation de travail atypique, Environnement capacitant, Entrepreneuriat agricole, Entrepreneuriat collectif, Entrepreneuriat social, Community Supported Agriculture, CSA, Atypical Work Relationship, Enabling Environment, Rural Entrepreneurship, Collective Entrepreneurship, Social Entrepreneurship
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2677.More information
Created in 1984 through the initiative of the Ministries of National Education and Culture, the training centers for intervening musicians have graduated over 5000 musicians in pedagogy and the development of artistic and cultural education projects. They have made the field of music the one in which the training of artists for intervention in schools or various mediation contexts is the most organized. The article presents the results of a survey conducted in 2022 on the career paths of intervening musicians in France. It describes their profession from the perspectives of social, cultural, and transmission trajectories.
Keywords: Musique, intervention, médiation, éducation artistique et culturelle, trajectoires, formation, professionnalisation, Music, intervention, mediation, artistic and cultural education, musical education, trajectories, training, professionalization
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2678.More information
Metadata practices in libraries have been shifting towards a graph-centric data model for a number of years due to the influence of the Semantic Web on metadata standards as well as the ongoing engagement of libraries with linked data. This trend is likely to be sustained by the growth of the knowledge graph domain, which is animated by the interests of large technology companies and which represents a continuation of earlier programmes such as expert systems and the Semantic Web. Given the role of Semantic Web ontologies in knowledge graph development and the relevance of philosophical questions of ontology to cataloguing theory, metadata practitioners require theoretical frameworks suitable for conceptualizing the knowledge graph data model’s mixture of data and ontology. To that end, this paper considers the mathematical ontology of philosopher Alain Badiou, which employs set theory to schematize a theory of the multiple. It outlines how Badiou’s ontology is compatible with the graph data model and what it offers to metadata practitioners seeking to critically engage the knowledge graph paradigm.
Keywords: knowledge graphs, Semantic Web, philosophical ontology, metadata, critical cataloguing practice, Alain Badiou
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2679.More information
Experiments are considered to be essential components of science learning. This research aimed to investigate trends in the use of science experiments in online learning. A systematic literature review was carried out, with data sourced from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The reviewed documents were journal articles published between 2015 and 2022, with the keywords “science practicum,” “science experiments,” “distance learning,” “online learning,” and “hands-on science.” Using Harzing’s Publish or Perish software, 970 articles were found but only 32 were reviewed. The literature review followed a procedure adapted from the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), with articles reviewed based on predetermined criteria such as the year of publication, article source, practicum topics, research subjects, assessment methods, technology, and experiment design in online learning. In the results, various designs for online learning models, the technology used in science experiments, topics addressed, and appropriate assessment methods were identified. Trends included the extensive use of interactive simulation models in online science experiments, the use of virtual laboratories as a crucial technology, and the use of experiment reports to assess students. The analysis showed a sharp increase in the number of publications since the pandemic (2020) and that online science experiments might be carried out effectively by considering the characteristics of the material, matching the science curriculum, and using assessments that fulfill the objectives of science experiments.
Keywords: experiment report, online learning, science experiment, simulation, virtual laboratory
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2680.More information
Smart Home Technologies (SHTs) have recently become popular for a variety of purposes, including healthcare, entertainment, and convenience, among others. While SHT manufacturers promise to provide a range of services relating to home security, health and wellness, automated domestic tasks, entertainment, and beyond, user perceptions vary widely in terms of benefits and drawbacks. Moreover, surveillance studies researchers have warned against normalizing technologies that may exacerbate uneven power dynamics between users and household members, marketing companies, insurance brokers, law enforcement, and others. Through an analysis of the interdisciplinary literature stemming from computer science and engineering, gerontology, the social sciences, and related fields, we explore the extent to which these potential risks and related concerns are reflected upon by smart home users. This scoping review aims to explore SHT user perceptions of privacy attitudes, the purposes of smart home surveillance, risks and benefits, and impacts on home safety. Through our review of sixty-eight relevant studies, we found that many smart home users reported satisfaction over perceived benefits such as an increased sense of safety and home security. Many others displayed limited understandings of data collection practices or expressed privacy concerns. Nonetheless, SHT usage prevailed among these users. Others report a perceived trade-off between privacy and other factors, such as convenience, and some may have resorted to privacy cynicism, a coping mechanism for dealing with ubiquitous surveillance. In order to better understand SHT adoption trends despite concerns, exploring the conflict between user perceptions of privacy, understanding of SHT data collection purposes, risks and benefits, and home safety, is essential.
Keywords: smart homes, privacy, risk, security, ambient assisted living, user perception, voice recording