Documents found
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3341.More information
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is an intervention with strong empirical support to reduce problem behaviour in individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The intervention involves providing access to a preferred stimulus, typically the reinforcer maintaining the problem behaviour, on a regular or continuous basis. The paper has an educational purpose, which is to describe and discuss issues to consider when applying NCR with individuals with an ASD. The importance of conducting a functional assessment prior to intervening is explained with an emphasis on the different types of reinforcers that maintain problem behaviour. Then, the identification of preferred stimuli is described in case the reinforcer maintaining the problem behaviour cannot be used as part of NCR. Subsequently, two different procedures are presented in order to assist clinicians in implementing the intervention. A fictitious clinical example illustrates the use of NCR with a child with an ASD who emits problem behaviour (i.e., screaming) during meetings at home between his mother and a professional. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the intervention as well as directions for future research are discussed to promote an optimal application of NCR with individuals with an ASD.
Keywords: autisme, comportements problématiques, intervention, programme basé sur le temps, renforcement non contingent, autism, intervention, noncontingent reinforcement, problem behavior, time-based schedule
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3342.More information
This essay examines the role Andrew Lang played in the circulation of ideas within and among the fields of anthropology, literature, and psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Lang popularized anthropologist Edward Tylor's theories about myth, and championed them against those of the philologist Max Müller. He provided the occasion for novelist H. Rider Haggard's engagement with these ideas in the novel She, which Haggard dedicated to him, and he drew upon these theories of myth in essays that explain the value of Haggard's novels. Finally, both Haggard's novel and Lang's anthropological writing shaped the work of Sigmund Freud. Attention to Lang's role as a transmitter of the ideas of others across genres and disciplines allows us to see how central the problem of interpretation was to the disciplinary formation of anthropology, literature, and psychoanalysis.
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3343.More information
This essay traces the strikingly prolific career of Andrew Lang and places that career in the context of the shifting late-Victorian literary field, which Lang served importantly to shape. The essay introduces Lang's milieu and re-orients readers to a literary personality who, while known, is only rarely studied in his own right—a detail of reception history the essay explains with recourse to the relational sociology of Pierre Bourdieu and Bruno Latour. Restoring Lang's “network effect” through historical analysis helps raise a number of conceptual questions, each of which is pursued in the essays of this special issue: such questions include the nature of textual interpretation, the changing outlines of disciplines, the philosophy of historical method, and conceptions of authorship and collaboration in the modern cultural marketplace. Placing Lang back in his proper spot at the center of the late-Victorian networks he helped convene (1) helps historicize our understanding of the modern “field of cultural production” (Bourdieu's term) in an expanded, protodisciplinary sense and (2) discloses new genealogies of literary and theoretical history. These new genealogies in turn cast altered light on the methodological presuppositions we draw upon to evaluate Lang and his network here. “Theoretical historicism” is the term used to describe approaches that trace such feedback loops between the historical object analyzed and the modern method used to analyze them.
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3344.More information
Keywords: Abduction, pragmatisme, doute, croyance, recherche qualitative
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3345.More information
Based on the professional trajectory of the 24 most significant Canadian think tank members, we examine the links between them and the political-administrative sphere. Specifically, we look at the revolving doors between think tanks, the public administration, and political parties, with the premise that this proximity is likely to increase these organizations' legitimacy in the eyes of public decision-makers. We also look at the links between think tanks and different sectors of economic activity, this time based on the idea that these groups can serve as a relay for certain industrial actors, reconfiguring lobbying as traditionally conceived. Our results show that, indeed, the phenomenon of revolving doors is very present in the world of Canadian think tanks; furthermore, some of them are well positioned to link certain industrial actors to the political-administrative sphere.
Keywords: think tank, lobbyisme, portes tournantes (revolving doors), politique canadienne, think tank, lobbying, revolving doors, Canadian politics
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3346.More information
Our aim is to propose a typology of Crowdsourcing practice that can be used both for researchers and practitioners. We show that Crowdsourcing should not only be viewed as an original way to organize innovation; we propose a typology of CS practices based on the nature of the task which is crowdsourced. Three types of tasks are considered: simple task, creative task and problem solving. Our work offers a key to understand issues related to the business models of CS, such as the participants' motivation or trust relationships between the company and the crowd.
Keywords: crowdsourcing, innovation ouverte, externalisation, web 2.0, connaissance distribuée, crowdsourcing, Open innovation, outsourcing, web 2.0, distributed knowledge, crowdsourcing, innovación abierta, externalizacion, web 2.0, conocimiento distribuido
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3347.More information
AbstractStudents have always been integral in the development of the university in Canada. Driven by personal, professional, and political agendas, student experiences, understandings, and narratives helped construct the academic and intellectual cultures of universities. In their relationships with professors, administrators, and the spaces they inhabit, students crucially contributed to the university as a historically vibrant idea and social institution. As cast by the students, the university was clearly expressed in variant and creative ways through the annual yearbook. In particular, within the yearbook, the practice of parody in cartoons and caricatures was powerful in depicting the imagined worlds of academe as seen through the students' eyes, and importantly how the students saw themselves and their life on campus. Using yearbooks from three universities — Toronto, Alberta, and British Columbia – visual images are studied that reveal underlying intentions to comment, marginalize, ridicule, and esteem groups of students according to both ascribed and self-imposed socialized hierarchical structures and codes of expectations and behaviour. Among the universities, the visual satire was consistent in tone and image, exposing the historic place and activities of students in the early university and in society, the contingent formation of student identities, and the nature of the pursuit of academic knowledge and credentials by youth in early-twentieth Century Canada.
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3348.More information
In this article, the authors are based on the main publications, in French and English, of (cyber)violence against women, referenced between January 2000 and April 2020 on digital indexing platforms in the social sciences. They aim to show the characteristics of cyberviolence against women, the digital channels that are most used by attackers, the way in which digital technologies perpetuate relations of domination between the sexes and the initiatives deployed on social media to denounce, support and support women victims of violence.
Keywords: agentivité, rapport sociaux de sexes, réseaux sociaux, violence structurelle, violence envers les femmes, agencia, relaciones de género, redes sociales, violencia estructural, violencias contra las mujeres
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3349.More information
The research presented focuses on the problem of cyberbullying. It would like to provide an answer to the following question: To what extent the publication in social media of a video about cyberbullying among adolescents is a citizen action? Based on the thinking of the philosopher Habermas, we define a citizen action as an act situated in a given sociohistorical context, which aims to respond to a given social problem by mobilizing knowledge and technical means and whose primary purpose should be the transformation of society. Three individual interviews and 14 focus groups with 75 teenagers attending a youth center were conducted. Their analysis show that adolescents do not make the transformation of society a priority when they produce videos on a social theme such as cyberbullying and that they give little importance to the need of documenting the discourse content in their videos. Their video productions, therefore, can not be considered as civic actions in the strict sense. The results also show that adolescents are attracted by the appropriation of video languages and techniques and by public recognition. Educational priorities based on these findings are proposed. In particular, it is suggested to integrate basic notions of social psychology within any media related teaching, as adolescents tend to think that mass communication targeting a large population can result in rapid and widespread social change.
Keywords: cyberintimidation, adolescents, action citoyenne, critique, éducation aux médias, cyberbullying, teenagers, citizen action, criticism, media education
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3350.More information
Dictionaries ideally should address the needs of particular types of users. Their micro and macrostructural design should be oriented towards what user groups need to know about words and the uses that will be made of such knowledge. One specific use for dictionaries is the activity of translation. From the perspective of professional translators, dictionaries should allow for creativity and dynamicity in text production, providing solutions for changing communication needs. Dictionary-making for such a purpose can and should benefit from insights into words and meanings from other fields. Interdisciplinarity in Lexicography is just one example of how other fields interact in Translation Studies. In this paper we analyse how working in an interdisciplinary way is crucial to developing useful lexicographic and terminographic tools for translators and how methodologies, such as corpus-based work and experimental methods should be combined to offer converging evidence of different aspects of use and processing. We illustrate such work methods with examples from real lexicographic projects.
Keywords: lexicographic tools for translators, process-oriented translation studies, product-oriented translation studies, experimental methods, collocational meaning, outils lexicographiques pour traducteurs, études de traduction orientées vers le processus, études de traduction orientées vers le produit, études expérimentales, sémantique des collocations