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The Reading for Normal project discussed in this article sought to interrogate some of the assumptions about “normality” that underpin everyday life, and to understand how reading fictional representations of ordinary life might help young readers better manage periods of uncertainty and instability. Using data from a small‑scale UK‑based reading group project that ran from December 2020 to May 2021, we explore the affordances of authenticity, belonging, and connection that emerged when teens were offered opportunities for a “common dwelling in fictional ordinariness with a generational cohort”. We consider the ways in which reading and talking about young adult (YA) fiction helps teenage readers address questions about the changing world around them.

Keywords: Young adult fiction, reading groups, social norms, ordinariness, Britishness, Littérature pour adolescents, clubs de lecture, normes sociales, banalité, britannicité

Following the work of Raymond Williams, this article examines the 81 fiction authors published in 1838. First, we examined the social origins of the authors as judged by their fathers' occupations. Whereas the majority of adults living in the British Isles during this period were working class, the majority of the Class of 1838 originated in the upper classes. Second, we traced their careers by finding their ages at first published novel, their total novels, and the span of their careers. Though no significant differences were found between the careers of men and women authors, there was a general lack of persistence to write a second novel. And last, we inspected the title pages of the 87 published works of fiction in 1838 to investigate the ways in which authors presented themselves to readers. Contrary to expectations, men authors were more likely than women authors to conceal their identities.

Keywords: Authors, British Isles, class, novel, Victorian Period, Auteurs, îles britanniques, classe sociale, roman, époque victorienne

This essay sheds light on the multitude of ways in which photography can be used to research health and vulnerabilities by drawing upon three research projects conducted in Brazil. In the first research project, photography is a documentary source used to explore the definitions of insanity and normalcy in the context of psychiatric clinics throughout different periods, and to capture more recent local creative experiences in the context of the Brazilian psychiatric reform. Then, on the basis of an account consisting of choreographic images of bodies who work in tidal waters, photography allows readers to broaden their understanding of the daily work of island shellfish harvesters. Lastly, we share the experiences of an action research project that organized self-portrait workshops for Black youth living in a working-class district of Salvador, to promote healthy physical and sexual practices and ethnic-racial and gender-based empowerment. By taking a careful look at groups subject to social invisibility, vulnerability or a certain degree of stigmatization, these projects uncover social and political inequalities that have been shaped by history. These echoed experiences enhance the heuristic and sensitive dimensions of photography, whose place in research contributes towards preserving the ability to imagine and create, so necessary to moving beyond the methodological imitation that is captured in the production of knowledge.

Keywords: Photographie, santé, vulnérabilité, corps, mouvements, imagination, Photography, health, vulnerability, body, movement, imagination

The purpose of this study is to investigate how an inter-organizational community of practice (IOCoP) manages the paradoxical effect between collaboration and competition. The literature highlights the potential of their logic for the development of collaborative innovation but do not explore the competition dynamic within theirs members. The analysis of an IOCoP composed by innovative startups in Brazil shows the reinforcement of internal regulations when new competing members integrate the community. Indirect and external modes of regulation are also expressed. Due to the complementarity of these regulatory modes, the IOCoP is seen as a facilitator for coopetition relationships.

Keywords: communauté de pratique inter-organisationnelle, innovation, coopétition, régulation, inter-organizational community of practice, innovation, coopetition, comunidad de práctica interorganizacionale, innovacion, coopetition

In a 2017 interview, Microsoft founder Bill Gates recommended taxing robots to slow the pace of automation. Funds raised could be used to retrain and financially support displaced workers. Up to 47 per cent of US jobs are at risk by advancements in artificial intelligence. Low-wage workers currently hold a majority of those at-risk jobs. Increased automation is likely to exacerbate income inequality.While employment changes due to automation are not new, advances in artificial intelligence threaten to eliminate many more jobs than were eliminated historically through automation. Accelerated automation presents two problems: a revenue problem and a human problem. The revenue problem exists because the tax system is designed to tax labour more heavily than capital, as labour is less likely to be able to avoid taxation. Capital investment, on the other hand, is taxed more lightly because capital is mobile and can escape taxation. When capital becomes labour, as in automation, the bottom falls out of the system. The human problem is first that most people need income from working to survive. Some scholars have advocated for a governmentally provided universal basic income (UBI). Taxing robots could in theory provide revenue for a UBI, although any source of revenue would work just as well. While a UBI would solve the survival problem, humans need more than basic survival. In his classic work, psychologist Abraham Maslow listed survival as the foundation of his hierarchy of needs. Work satisfies the higher order needs of social identity and self-esteem.The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), enacted in December 2017, significantly cut the US corporate tax rate, from 35 per cent to 21 per cent. In addition, TCJA increased tax benefits for purchasing equipment (which would include automation) by significantly enhancing bonus depreciation. The new tax legislation continued and deepened the existing tax bias towards automation. This article explores policy options for solving the revenue problem and the "jobs" problem, including a discussion and critique of UBI proposals and recommendations for other policy options, such as an enhanced earned income tax credit, incentives for employers, and reviving an idea from the Great Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps.

Reports of population blooms of the freshwater jellyfish (Craspedacusta sowerbii) in lakes across North American are becoming increasingly frequent. However, because they appear sporadically in space and time, their distribution ecology, and the environmental factors that trigger their proliferations are poorly understood. The objectives of the present study were to determine the spatial distribution of, and the environmental factors associated with, C. sowerbii blooms in Québec (Canada), with the goal of better predicting future blooms of this exotic species. The lakes in the province that had been invaded by C. sowerbii up until 2014 were mapped, and data concerning their maximum depth, area, perimeter, altitude, water transparency, and the concentrations of chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorus in the water, were compiled and analyzed. Over the study period, C. sowerbii was detected in 88 lakes across Québec; these were mainly located in the Laurentides, Outaouais and Estrie regions, where lakes are particularly abundant. The statistical analyses used showed that blooms of the freshwater jellyfish in Québec were most frequently observed in lakes with a surface area greater than 2.8 km² and a concentration of total phosphorus in the water of less than 14.77 µg/l.

Keywords: lacs, méduse d'eau douce, phosphore total, prolifération, superficie, area, blooms, freshwater jellyfish, lakes, total phosphorus

This article addresses several topics related to Niagara County, New York: the steamboat Caroline and its destruction and how Americans responded; the secret Hunter's Lodges and, more specifically, their support for the notorious rebel, Benjamin Lett; incidents connected to Navy Island; William Lyon Mackenzie's son James; Alexander McLeod's trial; and the legacy of the Patriot War.

The multiple conceptualizations of learning assessment have led to a wide variety of practices, and it is difficult to determine which ones promote student learning. The purpose of this research is to attempt to identify best practices in formative assessment in the context of elementary and secondary education. A systematic review, which identified and analyzed 35 articles, revealed five practices that are recognized as being effective in promoting student learning in the classroom. Two other practices appear promising but require further research. Implications for policies, practices and research are discussed.

Keywords: pratiques évaluatives, évaluation des apprentissages, évaluation formative, données probantes, enseignement primaire et secondaire, assessment practices, assessment of learning, formative assessment, evidence, elementary and secondary education, prácticas evaluativas, evaluación de los aprendizajes, evaluación formativa, datos probatorios, enseñanza primaria y secundaria

Entrepreneurial finance is a field of knowledge specific to the entrepreneur / SME that considers their peculiarities in the analysis of financial issues. Despite having benefited from the advice of experienced researchers to promote its emergence, it is not yet well “installed” in academic circles. We can see, from an international survey completed by 149 researchers, the lack of common references and the predominance of certain theories and methods which reflect more the ideology of classical finance. These results lead us to make some proposals that promote the production of knowledge useful to practitioners.

Keywords: Finance entrepreneuriale, PME, entrepreneuriat, enseignement, connaissances, Entrepreneurial Finance, SMEs, entrepreneurship, education, knowledge, Finanzas empresariales, PYME, empresariado, desarrollo empresarial, espíritu empresarial, entrepreneuriat, entrepreneurship, docencia, conocimientos

This article contributes to reflections on students' relationship to writing (RW) in the second-language context of Allophone immigrants, for which it proposes the designation RW+. The text is based on a Quebec study regarding the effects of producing plurilingual identity texts on the RW+ of eight Allophone immigrant students with severe educational delays in a secondary-school reception class (experimental group: n=4; control group: n=4). Individual interviews and participant observation are used to describe the participants' RW+ and to determine the effects of the new approach, which, in contrast with the traditional educational practices observed in the control group, is associated with the development of a more positively connoted RW+. This results, among other things, in the students' greater engagement.

Keywords: français langue seconde, élèves immigrants allophones, rapport à l'écrit, littératie, textes identitaires plurilingues, french as a second language, allophone immigrant students, relationship to writing, literacy, plurilingual identity texts, francés como segunda lengua, estudiantes inmigrantes alófonos, relación con la escritura, alfabetización, textos de identidad plurilingües