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Traditionally, legal documents are verbally drafted and formulated especially for and by lawyers to protect their clients in the case of a dispute. However, the signing parties should understand the contents of the documents as well. If they, for example, are unable to do that for some reason, the traditional verbal format of an employment contract becomes problematic. In order to solve the problem, Robert de Rooy, a South African lawyer, developed a comic contract, a visualised format of a contract for a client of his. In my article, I examine how traditional contracts can be translated into comics without losing their value as legally binding documents. The main aim is to discuss, how a traditional employment contract has been translated into visuals, focusing on the issues of the context(s). The analysis will indicate how the main contents of the labour law are transferred into a comic contract following the conventions of the visual language of comics. This leads to a clear, understandable and unambiguous—thus accessible—legal document, which helps the signing parties to understand their rights and duties as employers and employees.

Keywords: accessibilité, contrat en bande dessinée, contexte, traduction intersémiotique, multimodalité, accessibility, comic contract, context, intersemiotic translation, multimodality, accesibilidad, contrato-cómic, contexto, traducción intersemiótica, multimodalidad

The purpose of this research is to understand the impact of the school context compared to the Scouting context on the Leadership attitudes (valued-based leadership) of the adolescents. The study was conducted on a judgment sample, consisting of 600 students and 231 Scouts enrolled in upper secondary school in Rome (10th and 11th grades). The instruments used are the Educational Context Perception Questionnaire -ECPQ and the Socially Responsible Leadership Scale-SRLS to which we added a dimension of Leadership.The analyses indicate that the educational context has an impact on the valued-based leadership development of the adolescents and show statistically significant differences in favor of the Scouts, relating to both the environment perception and the development of leadership attitudes. The differences in outcomes related to gender, having or not having responsibilities at school, enjoying or not enjoying school, being seen as a good or a bad student, are also presented.

Keywords: Leadership fondé sur des valeurs, Social change model –SCM-, Educational context perception questionnaire-ECPQ, enseignement secondaire, scoutisme, Value-based leadership, Social change model-SCM, Educational context perception questionnaire-ECPQ, High school, scouting, Liderazgo basado en valores, Social Change Model-SCM, Educational Context Perception Questionnaire-ECPQ, enseñanza secundaria, scouts

The starting point of our work is a lack of clarity in defining what is an inclusive school and, more specifically, in one of its important components, ‟acting together”. A review of recent scientific literature, French and English, allows an analysis of these concepts and of the various uses made of them. The review based on scientific essays from renowned databases (ERIC, Medline, PsycINFO et SocINDEX, CAIRN) showed 26 texts that mentioned “acting together” and inclusive schools. The analysis confirms that the two notions are rarely used separately and that recent studies uses them together without clear definitions, even though they belong to different paradigms.

Keywords: école inclusive, partenariat, élèves à besoins éducatifs particuliers, recension, collaboration/coopération, inclusive school, partnership, pupils with special educational needs, review, collaboration, cooperation, escuela inclusiva, alianza, alumnos con necesidades especiales, recensión, colaboración, cooperación

The aim of this literature review is to expand on the definitions and epistemological foundations that various authors attribute to the concepts of educational intervention. To accomplish this objective, 25 articles were analyzed using the NVivo 11 software. The results demonstrate that this concept is used either as a variable in research design, or to describe a professional action. Furthermore, this study reveals differing conceptualization between Francophone and Anglophone literature. In this case, there seems to be a tendency to use this term without regard to any definitions or epistemological foundations.

Keywords: intervention éducative, définition, épistémologie, recension, pratique enseignante, educational intervention, definition, epistemology, review, teaching practice, intervención educativa, definición, epistemología, revisión de literatura, práctica del maestro

For almost a decade, the concept of translation policy has entered the field of translation studies through the writings of authors such as Reine Meylaerts and Gabriel González Núñez. This article uses the typology borrowed from sociolinguist Bernard Spolsky to characterize the translation policy implemented by the City of Edmonton since the early 2000s. Comparatively to a city like Toronto, whose translation policy is clearly formalized under the Multilingual Information Provisions Policy, Edmonton's translation policy remains relatively unclear. After outlining the general framework of language policy in Canada and Alberta, we will describe Edmonton's translation policy based on various empirical data and documents we have collected. In doing so, our purpose will be less to evaluate this policy (using a certain idea of multiculturalism, bilingualism or politics) than to understand its specificities.

Keywords: politique de traduction, Edmonton, nouveaux arrivants, immigration, multilinguisme, translation policy, Edmonton, newcomers, immigration, multilingualism

Most children and adolescents who engage in antisocial behaviour and delinquency do not continue to display these behaviours in adulthood. Therefore, there are factors in the natural environment that protect children-at-risk from becoming adult offenders. However, few studies have examined protective factors and the conceptual and methodological foundations for studying protective factors remain poorly developed. This article presents a review of empirical studies of factors that prevent antisocial and criminal behavior and the conceptual, limits and methodological issues that determine what factors are identified. Results show that a large number of protective factors have been identified. The lack of consistency in the findings reflects the exploratory nature of the studies and the virtual absence of replication studies. Among the methodological issues addressed, the importance of population characteristics is highlighted. Based on findings from the review, implications for future studies of protective factors are proposed, including the importance of taking account of the heterogeneity of children and adolescents at risk to offend in adulthood. Knowledge of protective factors is needed to inform policy decisions regarding investment in early childhood programs aimed at preventing criminal behaviour.

Keywords: Facteurs de protection, délinquance, comportements antisociaux, synthèse des connaissances, Protective factors, delinquency, antisocial behaviour, knowledge synthesis, Factores de protección, delincuencia, conductas antisociales, síntesis de conocimientos

The relationship between the entrepreneur and the investor is often viewed from a conflictual angle based on information asymmetry and on potential stakeholder opportunism. However, venture capital financing includes mixed relationships between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs. In this relationship, venture capitalists seek to orient the funded projects towards prospects of success while securing their investment funds through the negotiation of a set of legal agreements. On the other hand, the entrepreneurs strive to have some leeway to manoeuver while maintaining a certain degree of confidentiality. Our research question concerns the various governance mechanisms that surround the venture capitalist-entrepreneur relationship. Our theoretical framework is based on a double theoretical reading grid, by analyzing this relationship according to the two legal-financial and cognitive approaches of governance. Our results show that venture capitalists not only have a financial impact, but also organizational and cognitive impacts that can govern the internal organization of the venture capital-backed firm. The mode of governance employed can be influenced largely by the individual, organizational, institutional and economic characteristics of the venture capitalists. On the other hand, the managers of venture capital-backed firms may behave in ways that go beyond traditional opportunism, in which they conceal their personal interests, to generate cognitive resources and contribute to value creation.

Keywords: Governance, Gouvernance, venture-capital, capital-risque, cognitive approach, approche cognitive, legal-financial approach, approche juridico-financière, entrepreneurial finance, finance entrepreneuriale

This paper uses original and found poetry to shape the soundscape of 2020 into meaning. A critical auto-ethnographic study, it uses poetic strategies of arts-based methodology to weave stories, experiences and impressions together, to create a literary fabric of the year. So doing, it creates a choral piece for the spoken voice, which explores ideas of conspiracy, community, racism, oppression and justice, drawing on the author’s experience in Australia, and connection with the wider world via the internet. Its focus on listening as meaning is formed from competing and contesting voices.

AbstractIn this paper, we attempt to answer two questions: (1) Is competition between governments advantageous? (2) If the answer to this question is no, what can be done to solve some of the problems generated by this competition?

The importance of engaging children and adolescents in research is increasingly acknowledged. The aim of this scoping review is to explore how children and young people have been engaged in research on paediatric obesity and which issues they have reported, in order to highlight areas that require further inquiry or action by researchers and health care professionals. There were 13 papers eligible for this review. Methods used included in-depth interviews, structured or semi-structured interviews, and focus groups, as well as more creative qualitative research methods. Half of the studies included young people with their parents; parents were always present when the interviewees were young children. Personal and sensitive themes, such as bullying, a desire to “fit in”, strong negative emotions about oneself (e.g., low self-esteem, low self-efficacy), and not feeling supported by family, peers, and professionals, were more often shared if parents were not present. An additional issue, wanting to be independent versus being under parental control was found in studies with adolescents. Engaging children and adolescents in multiple phases of research on paediatric obesity is beneficial in allowing better insight into their perspectives and providing recommendations that are more in line with their personal needs and life circumstances; such studies are still scarce in this field, however.

Keywords: adolescents, children, paediatric obesity, scoping review, young people, youth engagement