Documents found
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3702.More information
This article presents results of a critical review of the literature discussing the ethical issues arising in humanitarian work, following the method proposed by McCullough, Coverdale and Chervenak. Our aim was primarily to focus on how the ethical issues arising in humanitarian work are conceptualized within the literature we reviewed. We think that properly conceptualizing the ethical issues which humanitarian workers may face can provide avenues to better respond to them. We analysed 61 documents, as part of a literature review, which revealed that there truly is a need, amongst the authors and in humanitarian work, to discuss ethics. Indeed, even if only a small number of authors define explicitly the words they use to discuss ethics, the great quantity that we have uncovered in the documents seem to suggest vast and rich grounds upon which to address ethical issues. We believe it to be important that the ethical issues of humanitarian work are increasingly addressed in the literature and argue that it would be helpful for the vocabulary used by authors to be employed and developed even more rigorously, so that their discussions show more precision, coherence, relevance, exhaustiveness, and sufficiency. The review of the literature, as well as the resulting analysis in this article, is part of a broader project to suggest a way to conceptualize the ethical issues of humanitarian work based on the strengths and innovations of this and other studies.
Keywords: ethical issues, humanitarian work, conceptualization, typologies, problèmes éthiques, travail humanitaire, conceptualisation, typologies
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3703.More information
We analyze the exploration and extraction of a nonrenewable resource under asymmetric information. The principal delegates the exploitation of a resource to an agent (a mining firm) who possesses private information about the cost of exploration; the agent learns further information on extraction costs once reserves have been established and constrain extraction. The principal can only commit to current-period royalty contracts: one discovery-transfer menu and one extraction-royalty menu that is conditional on reserves discovered. Compared with the symmetric information first best, avoiding adverse selection in extraction requires the optimum mechanism to increase discoveries by the lowest cost type and possibly others. This is tempered by a countervailing effect stemming from information asymmetry in exploration that tends to reduce discoveries, especially by higher cost types. We further detail implications on the forms taken by the inefficiencies associated with asymmetric information: abandoned reserves, excessive use of low-cost exploration prospects, and inefficient levels of technological sophistication in the exploration and extraction sectors.
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3704.More information
This study addresses the lack of comparative research on the consumption of social networking sites (SNS) and SNS user behaviour in four emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China. Using online survey and interviews, data are collected from individuals in order to identify different types of SNS user behaviour. From the findings, we develop a simplified framework of digital culture to show the effects of BRIC cultural context on sociomaterial context, and how these factors can be used to explain SNS user behaviour. The findings offer contemporary insights that can inform businesses operating in BRIC markets for leveraging digital interactivity.
Keywords: BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China), social networking sites, SNS user behaviour, local culture, BRIC (Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine), sites de réseautage social (SNS), comportement des internautes, culture locale, BRIC (Brasil, Rusia, India, China), redes sociales, comportamiento de los usuarios de las SNS, cultura local
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3705.More information
Cyanotoxins in our environment threaten the integrity of aquatic ecosystems and human health. As climate change is suspected to favour cyanobacterial blooms, it is important to have an up-to-date picture of our knowledge concerning this subject. This review summarizes the effects of various environmental factors on the production and degradation of cyanotoxins, and on the detoxification of the water column in freshwater and brackish ecosystems in Quebec (Canada). The influence of some factors discussed in this paper is well known (e.g., nutrients, light, water temperature and bacterial activity), while that of others, which are equally important (e.g., salinity, wind, trace metals, pesticides and sediments), would benefit from further study.
Keywords: changements globaux, cyanotoxines, facteurs anthropiques, milieux naturels, synthèse de toxines, anthropogenic factors, cyanotoxins, global changes, natural environment, toxin synthesis
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3706.More information
Over the last decade, there has been a revolution in cross-border tax information exchange and reporting. While this dramatic shift was the product of multiple forces and events, a fundamental reality is that politics, technology, and law intersected to drive the shift to the point where nation-states will now transmit and receive from each other significant ongoing flows of taxpayer information. States can now expect to accumulate large stashes of data on cross-border income, assets, and activities on a scale and level of comprehensiveness unmatched by previous information exchange regimes.This article examines the pressing follow-up question of how this data will be used and what issues nation-states will confront when data comes home. Although concerns about data protection and use have been raised in critiquing the new cross-border information exchange regimes, a systematic examination of how governments might use or fail to use data and when those uses will pose unacceptable risks has yet to be undertaken. This article analyzes how domestic politics, priorities, and institutions are likely to affect tax enforcement and data usage at the nation-state level going forward. We argue that despite the dominant focus on global developments, domestic politics and technological constraints will likely play an equally if not more significant role in data use and protection as countries receive data and decide what to do with it. The mere fact that collective political will on a global level produced the information revolution does not prevent domestic forces from either derailing the revolution in practice or redirecting data to other uses. This article maps the potential risks and examines the extent to which individual nation-states will have the capacity or inclination to conduct enforcement, protect taxpayer privacy, and attend to distributional outcomes and risks. We ultimately articulate a framework for understanding the country-level factors likely to affect outcomes and pathways when data comes home.
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3707.More information
This paper explores the past, present, and future of library marketing in the United States. While its foundations were laid more than a century ago, not every library is up-to-speed in its knowledge or practice. There are “Haves” with plenty of space, staff, and money, and “Have Nots” that lack some necessities. In the midst of this uneven landscape, the author discusses the organizations and publications that support it, details the trends in four categories, and lists national campaigns and awards. Special attention is paid to the continuing challenges and the possible future scenarios.
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3708.More information
Adopting a neo-structural perspective (Moore, 1990; Ibarra, 1995; Burt, 1995, 1998; Lin, 1995; Lazega, 2011, 2012), the present paper investigates the societal and organizational resistances (structural effect) and the relational biases (networking effect) hindering the professional advancement of women-managers in the American firms. Complementary to the (new) affirmative action policies, the cooptation mentoring and the intra-organizational affinity groups are aimed at supporting the professional integration of women-managers through the development of their organizational networks. Nevertheless, these organizational devices rely upon two distinct (assimilative vs. affiitary) logics of professional socialization.
Keywords: Genre, capital social, réseaux, carrière, Etats-Unis, socialisation affinitaire, mentoring, Gender, social capital, networks, career, United-States, affinitary socialization, mentoring, género, capital social, redes, carrera profesional, Estados Unidos, socialización afinitaria, mentoring
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3709.More information
The literature on innovation communities suffers from a lack of clarification of the theoretical construct and associated typologies. The objective of this research is therefore to propose a fine characterization of the communities that interact during innovation projects, by questioning their mutually exclusive character or the potential porosity of their boundaries. Through three case studies of outdoor sport companies, we characterize three types of innovation communities (communities of practice, epistemic and user communities) through five characteristics (their members, objectives, organizational dynamics, communication modes and the nature of their social ties). Moreover, intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms are identified as being at the origin of the decompartmentalization of the three types of communities identified.
Keywords: communautés d'innovation, communautés mixtes, constellation de communautés d'innovation, objets-frontière, innovation communities, mixed communities, constellation of innovation communities, boundary objects, comunidad de innovación, comunidades mixtas, constelación de comunidades de innovación, objetos límite
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3710.More information
AbstractIn 2001, Cay Dollerup and Silvana Orel-Kos from Tampere University revealed how co-printing was a common practice in the translation of children's books. More recently, based on his analysis of a corpus of how-to titles published in France, Christian Robin (2006) suggested that, in this particular sector, co-publishing had become the norm. But what about the other sectors of the industry? How widespread is international co-publishing really? What forms can it take? What are the consequences of such international partnerships for publishers, translators, and for those who study their practices: translation scholars? This essay proposes some tentative answers to these questions. Drawing on the practice of several Québec publishers and translators, this discussion aims to highlight how co-publishing is no longer exclusive to minor languages or illustrated books, but rather has tended to spread to other sectors of the industry, including the most “literary” ones, as well as to international languages. It explores finally the theoretical and practical implications of this fact.
Keywords: coédition, coproduction, traduction, Québec, mondialisation