Documents found
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541.More information
Chapter 19 of CUSMA on digital trade is, among the preferential trade agreements (PTAs), the one that goes the furthest to liberalize digital trade between signatory countries. In fact, the United States, unlike the European Union and China, for example, sees the ACP as the best way to ensure the free flow of digital goods and services across borders while governing data flows that make these commercial transactions possible. Why did the United States choose to make these trade agreements the primary vehicle for governing digital trade and data flows with the rest of the world? And why has a partner like Canada accepted provisions within CUSMA that impose significant potential limits on the regulation of data and digital platforms? Using a political economy perspective, this article answers these questions.
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542.More information
This article offers a brief conceptual portrait of computational thinking, a concept that is highly recurrent in the literature and that is subject to numerous interpretations. A non-exhaustive review of the literature has therefore allowed us to clarify what computational thinking is, while specifying the role of many other related concepts evoked in the works of the authors studied: algorithmic thinking, abstraction, etc. The presentation of integrative models offers an interesting and synthetic perspective on this phenomenon that is becoming more and more widespread in the educational field.
Keywords: Programmation, pensée informatique, pensée algorithmique, résolution de problèmes, algorithmes, Programming, computational thinking, algorithmic thinking, problem solving, abstraction, algorithms
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544.More information
Keywords: érosion, Sierra équatoriale, inégalités, Buen Vivir, agriculture
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545.More information
Question answering systems have frequently been explored for educational use. However, their value was somewhat limited due to the quality of the answers returned to the student. Recent question answering (QA) research has started to incorporate deep natural language processing (NLP) in order to improve these answers. However, current NLP technology involves intensive computing and thus it is hard to meet the real-time demand of traditional search. This paper introduces a question answering (QA) system particularly suited for delayed-answered questions that are typical in certain asynchronous online and distance learning settings. We exploit the communication delay between student and instructor and propose a solution that integrates into an organization’s existing learning management system. We present how our system fits into an online and distance learning situation and how it can better assist supporting students. The prototype system and its running results show the perspective and potential of this research.
Keywords: automated question answering, natural language processing, information retrieval, LMS, distance education, online learning
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547.More information
Student persistence has long been a major challenge for open universities. Despite the evolution of open education, an overall high student attrition rate remains. This paper examines the changes and trends in factors related to student persistence in open universities. It reviews the empirical studies from the 1970s to the 2010s which reported factors influencing student persistence. The relevant studies were searched from databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Among the 108 studies collected, a total of 284 factors influencing student persistence were identified. The factors were categorised into student factors, institutional factors, and environmental factors. Their changes and trends over the years were examined. The results show that student factors were the most frequently studied over the years examined, with the major categories being students’ psychological attributes and outcomes. Institutional factors have been increasingly studied in recent decades, with the design and delivery of programmes and courses being the strongest category. Finally, environmental factors have been decreasingly examined, with factors related to students’ family and work being the two main categories. Based on the results, the implications for developing intervention and retention strategies for student persistence in open universities are discussed.
Keywords: student persistence, retention, attrition, open universities, open and distance education
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548.More information
With the emergence of social software and the advance of web-based technologies, online learning networks provide invaluable opportunities for learning, whether formal or informal. Unlike top-down, instructor-centered, and carefully planned formal learning settings, informal learning networks offer more bottom-up, student-centered participatory but somewhat disorganized learning opportunities for students. This paper presents a research study where graduate students are surveyed in their use of informal and formal learning networks in online courses to understand the interaction between the two and how they impact each other. The findings showed that students and professors use both environments often, to optimize learning but online course design is usually not designed to consider informal experiences of the students. The results and illustrated course design framework may contribute to the discussion of blending informal and formal learning for online learning.
Keywords: formal and informal learning environments, e-learning, instructional design
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549.
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550.