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94.More information
The current paper examines how transforming ideals of parenting have changed child welfare services in Hungary during the past decade or so. More specifically, it uncovers the ways parental determinism and intensive parenting have influenced caseworkers' everyday practices as well as their relation to parents of different social and ethnic background. Until recently, child welfare services particularly focused on poor, uneducated (often Roma) families and assessed the fulfilment of material needs of children. Based on a year-long ethnographic research, the paper shows how the new parenting culture have changed caseworkers' assessment of parental competence, the explanations for initiating child removals and ultimately their relations to parents of different social background. I argue that these decisions are largely influenced by ideals of “good/optimal” childhood, dominant parenting norms, conceptions about who are “good” parents, and dominant ideas of deservedness. While earlier neglect was assessed mostly in material terms, currently a strong emotional parent-child relationship is promoted. However, as my research shows, these are extremely subjective and fluid notions that are often used to reinforce personal convictions and dominant values about parenting, deservedness and social belonging.
Keywords: aide à l'enfance, protection de la jeunesse, parentalité intensive, travailleurs sociaux, Hongrie, child welfare, child protection, intensive parenting, caseworkers, Hungary
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100.More information
The most spectacular result concerning present changes in the Hungarian economic system is the radical transformation of industrial organizations. The variety of new economic organisms illustrates a true transition of the private sector; before insignificant and limited, toward a functionning economy of a more or less private style.This analysis shows that between 1985 and 1989 the number of enterprises almost doubled again. After 1989, in only one year, the number of enterprises doubled. This increase occured largely because of the emergence of SMBs between 1985 and 1989 but also, afterwards, by the division of large and middle-sized businesses.The authors present the principal factors which caused the disintegration of large businesses ; their diminishing role and the unstable situation of large- business leaders at a time when the political system was changing. Finally, the success of this structural change is considered from the point of view of the different forms these divisions took as well as the various reasons that lead the businesses to change.