Documents found
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1911.More information
The year of Expo 67 was exceptional, both in the dissemination of Quebec poetry internationally and in the dissemination of foreign poetry in Quebec. In both cases, the magazine Liberté and its director, Jean-Guy Pilon, played a leading role, part of a long-standing process, predating the founding of the magazine, to increase contacts between the actors of the Quebec literary scene (writers, publishers and magazines) and the World Republic of Letters. These exchanges, far from being neutral, are also revealing of the conceptions of Quebec literature, as well as of literature in general, at the same time as they are catalysts of transformations on this subject. By examining the issue of Liberté devoted to “young poetry” from abroad, and the network of exchanges that made up this issue, we highlight the tensions and overlaps between “political” and “aesthetic” conceptions of literature, as well as the hesitation or confusion, abroad, between the designations of “Canadian,” “French-Canadian” and “Quebec” poetry. In the end, we discover that Pilon and Liberté worked actively to export, in the same breath, the texts of writers from here and their designation as “Quebec literature.”
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1912.More information
Radioactive waste management, as with the rest of nuclear law, is composed of an hybrid corpus of international norms – both conventional and soft law – and of national legislation. The Sellafield case, site of an MOX plant in England, is analysed both in a national and international context. The review of national case-law highlights the differences of interpretation of British courts on the perception and analysis of technological risk and the relevant information which permits to make an informed societal choice with regard to these risks. In an international context made up of Droit de la mer and international environmental law, decisions have given point to the same conclusion. We can observe that the fundamental questions connected to technological risk and the various conclusions brought about by national and international courts of justice suggest that there really exists a Babel Court in which many legal languages are spoken without being able to identify one as common and comprehensible.
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1913.More information
As the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea celebrates its tenth anniversary, it could be interesting to consider its role in the protection of the marine environment. Called upon to apply and interpret the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of December 10, 1982, in which the environment is of primary importance, the Tribunal's contribution is based on the extent of its jurisdiction and on the use that is made by those who can seize it. Although the Tribunal's activity is still modest, it had the opportunity, in some occasions, to affirm and develop certain principles of international environmental law.
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1914.More information
The March 12th, 2004 arbitral award resolved a divergence that arose between France and the Netherlands concerning the interpretation of the Additional Protocol of September 25, 1991 to the Convention of December 3, 1976 on the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution by Chlorides. This Protocol, covering the period from 1991 to 1998, allowed different waterside residents of the Rhine to finance, on a regular basis, measures to be taken by France (soil storage) in order to counteract any dumping of chlorides above a certain concentration limit in the river. This litigation arose in 1999, at the time the accounts were being settled, i.e. when the final balances were determined. France had stored less than was anticipated, and had to refund the amounts that were overpaid from the States who were party to this Convention. The said divergence with respect to the interpretation of the Protocol in terms of the methods of determining the amount of restitution subsequently led to arbitration. An interpretation, taken in light of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, brings to the forefront articles 31 and 32, considered by the arbitral tribunal to be complementary. It appears obvious, when reading the award, that the parties apparently envisaged a system which was predominated by financial considerations, in which the fluctuation of the Rhine river's output (flow) was not adequantely taken into consideration, seemingly in a deliberate fashion. The “pacta sunt servanda” rule is thus illustrated in this matter, where France is held to the terms of the Protocol which it negotiated with the other concerned parties and a pact to which it adhered. The Protocol was certainly imperfect with respect to its conception, since the circumstances of its application do not correspond with projections, especially in the case of France ; yet it remains the law binding these parties. France will thus have to refund the amounts in conformity to the Protocol without question.
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1915.More information
In the last decades of the 19th century, the colonization of the African continent coincided with the popularity of ethnographical spectacles in Europe. On tour in European zoos, cabarets, fairs, as well as in colonial and universal expositions, these representations displayed indigenous groups of individuals from recently or soon-to-be colonized regions. While France, Great Britain and Germany competed overseas to affirm their colonial power, these countries welcomed the same spectacles in their respective capital cities and provincial towns. Drawing on examples borrowed from France, England, Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, this study examines the ways these spectacles were represented in European literatures and visual arts. Although these spectacles “displayed” a wide variety of peoples, not only groups from Africa, this article focuses exclusively on works which depict peoples from this continent. In treating the works in question as “cultural signals”, to use Jean Devisse’s expression, it aims to identify the types of visual or literary consumption that these artistic productions elicit. The article adopts an essentially rhetorical perspective in order to attempt to determine the types of identification which the reader /consumer is encouraged to assume. These may be a naïve, imperialist consumption of the “savage” animal, a form of civilizing compassion that can change to suspicion during war times, or an erotic complicity that can go as far as sketching out a challenge to ethnocentrism.
Keywords: spectacle, spectacle, ethnographic, ethnographique, savage, sauvage, empire, empire, representation, représentation
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1916.More information
The Educational System of the French-speaking Community of Belgium, went, as well as others, through different steps in his evolution towards more justice in the allocation of financial and human resources. A recent law (1998) defines the positive discrimination policy, which is effective in schools since the beginning of the school year 2000-2001. This law explicitly describes the implication of university teams in developing objective indicators for the allocation of resources. This paper firslty presentes the legislative frame and then describes the need to apply that kind of indicators.
Keywords: discrimination positive, allocation des moyens, indicateurs socio-économiques, établissements scolaires, positive dicrimination (or affirmative action), allocation of resources, socio-economic indicators, schools
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1917.More information
This article investigates locational determinants of Chinese and Russian FDI in Europe from 2006 to 2017. Chinese and Russian FDI bear certain similarities. They have been attracted by technology and innovation. However, in contrast with Russian MNEs, the choice of Chinese investors have been also affected by the existence of opportunities offered by market, in particular by the subprime crisis. Russian FDI has been more motivated by geopolitics. The empirical results on the impact of institutional variables on Chinese FDI have been mixed, while Russian FDI has been attracted by weak institutions.
Keywords: IDE Sud-Nord, les EMN émergentes, Union européenne, déterminants institutionnels, modèle multi-niveaux, South-to-North FDI, Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises (EMNEs), European Union, Institutional Determinants, Multilevel Model, IDE Sur-Norte, empresas multinacionales emergentes, Unión Europea, determinantes institucionales, modelo multinivel
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1920.More information
Expressed objectives of a school mathematics curriculum appear to differ from those of a program for maths teacher education. Whilst the first deals directly with the content and the process of mathematical learning in classrooms, the latter concerns the formation of educative contexts that can facilitate perspective maths teachers to learn how to teach their subject. But, a concern about what constitutes the teaching of mathematics is common for both. The present paper aims to explore prevailing visions concerning the nature of school mathematics and to discuss their potential impact on maths teacher education programs. Concerning the first, it is noted that, presently, there is no single viewpoint on what a maths curriculum should contain. Besides the well known traditional view of the subject as an “abstract”, “decontextualised” and “mental disciplining” endeavour, two main contemporary visions, namely the socio-cultural and the socio-political are discussed as providing pedagogical and epistemological alternatives. The impact of such visions can potentially influence the structure of maths teacher education courses by pointing out new directions and methodologies of study.