Documents found
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1921.More information
The aim of this paper is to identify the issues of external communication related to the signing of International Framework Agreements (IFAs), negotiated between multinationals and Global Union Federations (GUF). It is based on a qualitative study which mainly comes from 59 semi-structured interviews conducted with French companies that have signed IFAs. The results show that external communication on these agreements is part of logics of cooperation and legitimacy which, because of the multiple social tensions that such communication generates, results in a cautious communication claimed by multinationals because of the risks that it can generate.
Keywords: communication, accords-cadres internationaux, RSE, syndicats, coopération, disclosure, international framework agreements, CSR, unions, cooperation, comunicación, acuerdos marco internacionales, RSE, sindicales, cooperación
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1922.More information
During the drafting of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), social rights, often defined in opposition to civil and political rights, were the subject of controversy as to whether or not they should be included in the text. Faced with the impossibility of seeing them taken into account in the text of the ECHR, a second text had to be adopted : the European Social Charter. However, the indivisibility of fundamental rights is only very poorly adapted to this ideological split, formally achieved by the coexistence of two distinct texts. In practice, moreover, everyone could see that the limits between the two categories of rights were not easy to determine. The result is a "porous" border between civil and political rights on the one hand and social rights on the other, which the drafters of the ECHR had not managed to make watertight 70 years ago and which the European Court of Human Rights (HRE Court) has continually pierced since the Airey judgment in 1979. From then on, a comparison between the two instruments of protection has been made over and over again, trying to find out which of the two was best able to protect these social rights in a time of need. This contribution seeks to put into perspective the work carried out by each of the instruments by showing that the protection of social rights was best carried out by the HRE Court until the mid-2000s, notably because it contributed to their fundamentalization and, consequently, to their justiciabilization, but that the European Social Charter, which had had a difficult start, has since taken over and has imposed itself as a reference instrument for their protection at the European level.
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1923.More information
This paper aims to reconceptualize the theoretical frameworks that underpin paradigms of the theory of socialization in international and European law. The somewhat carefree optimist approach to the compliance with international human rights norms, based on the assumption that within the European Union (EU) the victory of the liberal paradigm of human rights is unquestionable and self-evident, dominated the previous decade. Socialization paradigms applied to Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European countries understood this process as mostly unidirectional and based on a clear “teacher-student” relationship. However, with the rise to power of Hungarian Fidesz, this uplifting conviction was shadowed by first doubts. Hungarian populism at power demonstrated the first traits of the future complex set of strategies applied, among others, in Poland, Romania and Italy. The independence of the law as a human rights guarantee was challenged not only practically, by pursuing political goals through violation or circumvention of valid norms, but also theoretically, by the doctrine of the “illiberal state” first heralded by the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. Even though these transformations encountered responses from European institutions, it was neither prompt nor effective. Soon enough Hungary as the enfant terrible of the EU was joined by further countries of the EU. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) reacted to the increase of human rights violations, but they are deprived of an entitlement to address “illiberal democracy” in a systemic manner. Consequently, the populist revolt against the very concept of human rights requires a much broader and complex assessment. Its strength consists in the focus of effective state (and party) power coupled with rhetorical strategies against human rights and its mechanisms of protection. In this paper, I confront socialization paradigms with the crisis of human rights protection brought about by the populist wave. I argue that in order to address this crisis adequately, the blind spots of previous socialization paradigms need to be recognized and overcome.
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1924.More information
Clément Marot was the first French translator of Petrarch’s Rerum Vulgarium Fragmenta. His translation, entitled Six sonnetz de Petrarque sur la mort de sa dame Laure, was intended as a celebration of the langue françoyse, in keeping with the ideals of Francis I’s court and the creation of a “royal Italianism” considered the founding element of the translatio studii et imperii. The refinement of this edition, together with a style derived in part from the tradition of the rhétoriqueurs, is reminiscent of courtly translation, which aimed at poetic ornamentation. A closer look also reveals Marot’s deep evangelical inspiration, as well as his innovative way of translating at a time when the distinction between translation and imitation was not yet clear.
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1925.More information
This essay examines vegetarianism and the treatment of animals in Gaétan Soucy's L'Immaculée Conception and Music-Hall! as part of an innovative commentary on violence among humans. The novels' unconventional use of zoomorphism and anthropomorphism in establishing animal sentience and agency places the animal at the center of moral inquiry in order to denounce violent anthropocentrism. By drawing from leading theorists of animal and vegan studies, this essay demonstrates that in Soucy's works, animals and minority human groups are depicted as sharing a common aggressor: patriarchy and its numerous avatars. By highlighting a number of parallels in the narratives between animals and human victims of male aggression, this study brings to light the novels' denunciation of the meat processing industry and the consumption of meat as perpetuating a divisive social order that victimizes not only animals, but also women, children, and the poor. In contrast, the narratives proffer respect for animals as the ultimate anti-violent gesture. By extension, vegetarianism presents as a critical, self-reflexive consciousness and a deep ethical awareness that breaks with patterns of violent behavior at the foundation of Western civilization.
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1926.More information
In the past decade, the world has entered a new nuclear age : relations among the major nuclear powers (United States, Russia and China) have grown more competitive, the spread of nuclear weapons to new states has resulted in worrying regional nuclear instabilities, and technological advances are raising new threats, while Arms Control is in a state of near total collapse. A new multilateral nuclear disorder, combining traditional concerns with distinctive new dangers, is here. The perils of this new and still evolving nuclear reality must be understood. The purpose of this article is to present a critical analysis of this reality and offer some thoughts regarding the future of the nuclear (dis)order.
Keywords: armes nucléaires, stratégie, États-Unis, Chine, non-prolifération, Russie, nuclear weapons, strategy, Unites-States, China, non-proliferation, Russia
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1927.More information
This article is about the process of building and maintaining shared leadership in a sports team. It presents a conceptual framework based on research about the sharing of leadership roles in sports teams, the interpersonal relationships in sports, and the changing process. Based on a qualitative analysis of secondary data about the French handball team during Claude Onesta's tenure, this article contributes to the literature on sports leadership and shared leadership by describing a process of change that is fostered (or hindered) by interpersonal relationships between the formal leader and the informal leaders.
Keywords: leadership, leader formel et informel, processus, analyse qualitative, sport, leadership, formal and informal leader(s), process, qualitative analysis, sports, liderazgo, líder formal e informal, proceso, análisis cualitativo, deporte
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1928.More information
This work seeks to understand how the network of a new manager facilitates the strategy of the rapid and sudden internationalization of a SME, after several years of activity on the national market. The specificity of the behavior of these companies stems from the local context, which is characterized by institutional constraints, weak resources and a lack of information on foreign markets. Empirical research on the strategic behavior of Romanian SMEs in a transition country is limited and does not study the role of the manager's network in this context. The combination of internationalization theory and network theory provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the behavior of Born-again Globals (BAG) in this context. The case study of a Romanian SME, ELJ Automotive, now BAG, was conducted through life stories and exploratory interviews. The diachronic and thematic analysis shows that territorial and community networks do not contribute to the internationalization of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) SMEs. It provides lessons on the strong links that the manager must establish with personal, professional, and influential networks in order to accelerate internationalization while circumventing institutional constraints.
Keywords: PME, Réseau, Dirigeants, Liens forts et faibles, SME, Networks, Managers, Strong and weak links, PyME, Redes, Líderes, Vínculos fuertes y débiles
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1929.More information
Using the individual data of 30,329 ex-entrepreneurs2 from the GEM database between 2007 and 2013, we tested the impact of voluntary and involuntary exit reasons as well as other determinants (human and social capital and fear of failure) on the intention to recreate after a business exit. Our results show that unlike individuals who have voluntarily left their activities, individuals (from OECD countries) who have left their previous business involuntarily are more likely to try an entrepreneurial adventure again. They can perceive this experience as a first try, through which they have acquired knowledge that they can use in a future venture.
Keywords: La sortie d'entreprise, L'intention de recréer une entreprise, Les raisons de sortie, Business exit, Intention to recreate a business, Exit reasons, La salida de la empresa, La intención de recrear un negocio, Los motivos de la salida
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1930.More information
Research Framework: In this article, we propose a theoretical and critical analysis of the social relationship of age, in light of a concept that has emerged from critical social perspectives in recent decades, namely adultism. Objectives: We have two objectives: 1) to conceptualize adultism as a system of oppression that results in epistemic injustices and 2) to exemplify how adultism can manifest itself today, by applying the analysis to socio-judicial intervention with young people living in the context of domestic violence (DV). Methodology: We deconstruct youth-adult social relationships as they are known in Quebec by conducting a theoretical and critical analysis based on the work of Collins (2000) and the emerging literature on adultism. Results: Adultism is a system of oppression formed, developed and perpetuated by four interrelated domains of power: hegemonic, structural, disciplinary and interpersonal. In socio-judicial intervention, these domains of power constitute a major obstacle to the recognition of the epistemic agency of youth living in the context of DV. Adultism contributes to discrediting and marginalizing the voices of these youth; as a result, their views are not always sought, heard, or considered in decisions made about their custody and father-child contact. Conclusion: Through the four domains of power, adultism contributes to young people’s experience of epistemic injustice and poses barriers to the recognition of their agency. Contribution: The article highlights the potential for social transformation of a better recognition of adultism, particularly in the intervention with young people living in the context of DV, as well as the relevance of its use as a tool for critical analysis.
Keywords: adultisme, rapports sociaux d’âge, enfance, adolescence, violence conjugale, séparation, intervention sociojudiciaire, adultism, age social relations, childhood, adolescence, domestic violence, separation, socio-judicial intervention, adultismo, relaciones sociales de la edad, infancia, adolescencia, violencia conyugal, separación, intervención sociojudicial