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1953.More information
The study of the way Ossetian language is used in the urban linguistic landscape of the two respective capitals of North (Vladikavkaz) and South (Tskhinvali) Ossetia sheds light on the idea that Ossetians have of the place of their language, particularly in their relationship to Russian. On the symbolic level, Ossetian writings in the urban space refer to several clearly distinct functions: official administrative statutes, local advertising uses, educational uses with a social dimension, spontaneous individual developments (in particular graffiti). We will study a series of them, trying to see both what emerges from the idealized image projected, and what comes from a linguistic reality that is active or–what is also noticeable–endured. These dynamics mark both the general tendencies of the Ossetian language throughout Ossetia and the differences at work in the two entities, linked to the respective historical and political situations.
Keywords: Langue ossète, espace public, diglossie, signalisation, étude comparée, Ossetian language, public space, road signs, diglossia, comparative study
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1954.More information
The author examines the existing Quebec conflict rules both for volontary or consensuel agency and the representation of a legal person (generally companies) by its organs, or by individuals who legally are authorized to act on its behalf.
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1955.More information
Preventive and prudential approaches along with the concept of sustainable development have certainly contributed to the emergence and strengthening of the precautionary principle in international environmental law. Gaps in scientific knowledge concerning the potentially irreversible negative effects of certain economic activities upon the environment and upon human health, have enabled the international community to encourage States to undertake precautionary measures for protecting their biological diversity and their populations. If, up to now, the environment has been the main area for applying the precautionary principle, security of alimentary sources becomes a primary field in which this principle must be strenthened. NGOs have played a primary role in promoting the adoption of the precautionary principle in Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. In order to illustrate such a contribution, this paper parallels the contribution of NGOs and the hesitations of industry during negotiations of the Protocol.
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1956.More information
The debate on the impact of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on public health was brought back to the fore by the communication from India and South Africa to temporarily lift members' intellectual property commitments to enable WTO members to fight COVID-19. The involvement of African countries in the negotiation process to ensure better access to medicines dates back to the early 2000s and even to the Seattle Ministerial Conference. It is motivated by the demographic and health challenges facing African countries. Yet, despite some symbolic victories at the WTO, public health and intellectual property seem difficult to reconcile, as the recent Ministerial decision on TRIPS attests. Furthermore, while the proactive role of African countries at the WTO is in line with the African Union's Agenda 2063, at the regional level ambiguities remain. These seem to have a damaging effect on public health in some regions. However, as Africa is a continent of many contrasts, a solution could also emerge with the Pharma Initiative. Such a prospect is highly dependent on the harmonization of public health promotion and intellectual property policies on the continent. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze the change in strategy deployed by African countries at the WTO in order to promote public health concerns within the framework of the TRIPS Agreement, and then to assess the coherence of the policy of African countries at the regional and then continental levels. To do this, the method adopted consists of comparing the different approaches that African countries are deploying at the multilateral, regional and then continental levels in order to highlight their coherence, limitations and prospects. This method has shown that despite a proactive role at the multilateral level, African countries are struggling to coordinate and harmonize their regional policies in order to take advantage of the flexibility offered by TRIPS. The existence of such ambiguities would be likely to hamper initiatives deployed at the continental level.
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1957.More information
Keywords: Relations franco-libanaises, mandat français, influence culturelle, identité libanaise, décolonisation
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1958.More information
Inequality of income and happiness seem to be in a negative correlation and the latter could be greater in rich than in poor societies. To examine this hypothesis, data were collected on 144 countries. The hypothesis was confirmed for two indexes of happiness: life evaluation and subjective well-being, but only for rich countries, even when controlling the effect of purchasing power. Beyond some level of inequality, the economic growth does not improve well-being in rich countries. In these countries, economic growth counts less than a fair distribution of wealth. Because of the serious repercussions of inequality on mental health, psychologists are invited to pay attention to it in their interventions.
Keywords: inégalité des revenus, bonheur, inequality of income, happiness
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1959.More information
The sociology of the Yellow Vests movement in France in 2018 and 2019 has highlighted the over-representation of road workers on occupied roundabouts. At the intersection of two ethnographic surveys, this article looks at the determinants and practical modalities of truck drivers' participation in blockades. It reveals the importance of the professional roots of this alliance, from the point of view of the reconversion of professional know-how into militant resources and the reappropriation of professional autonomy during the blockades.
Keywords: alliances, Gilets jaunes, chauffeurs routiers, travail, mouvements sociaux, alliances, Yellow Vests, truck drivers, labour, social movements