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In this article, I explore the relations towards nationhood staged by Robert Musil in The Man Without Qualities, as they could have been experienced in the months preceding the Great War in Austria-Hungary: a declining Empire straddling between the new Europe of nation-states and the old Europe of empires. By focusing on two characters of the novel, I aim to understand the divergent relations they entertain towards nationhood. This allows me to draw a vivid portrait of individuals witnessing the European politico-administrative transformations of the beginning of the 20th century. In the comfort of a living room, far from the battlefields and the legislative or seigniorial assemblies, the last moments of an Empire appear in all of their banality, wherein the most important actors favor an unpopular and outdated imperialist system rather than taking into consideration their people's wish for the nation-state as it prevails in the rest of Europe.
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AbstractSince there is a relatively large number of publications on the Hungarian economic reform—generally known as the New Economic Mechanism—the purpose of this paper is not so much to present the different aspects of the system as to show both the problems and results which one can identify seven years after its adoption. At the end of 1973, the State increased its control of the economy. We try to demonstrate that in so doing the national authorities did not mean to reopen the question of the "liberalization" of the economy, but above all wanted to make some reajustments in the economic policy in view of the effects of the world crisis on prices and wage policy. The difficulties Hungary has recently known have been attributed to market-socialism by orthodox socialists who are opposed to this policy. On the other hand some of the architects of the N.E.M. maintain that the present model does not fully correspond to market socialism. One must admit that indeed many elements of the economic problems (inflation, income inequalities, development of monopolistic power) that can be identified in Hungary are linked with the disadvantages of a decentralized socialist model. However, in spite of these problems the achievements of the Hungarian economy are worthy of mention. The economic authorities do not conceal their price at having exceeded the forecasts of the 1971-1976 five year Plan. Even if, as several writers maintain, the introduction of the market is not a panacea for all the flaws of socialism in general, Hungary through its past experience and present endeavours provides valuable information to all those interested in studying a synthesis of planning and the market.
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Keywords: UNESCO, patrimoine, tourisme, promotion touristique, Budapest
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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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