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201.More information
AbstractThe ‘bureaucratic-professional' regulation of educational systems has gone hand in hand, with strong national specificities, with the development of ‘mass' national systems in the Sixties and Seventies. Basing our article on the Reguleduc, the European research results, we will demonstrate that this regulation model is now attacked by education policies attempting to replace with or super-impose new post-bureaucratic institutional arrangements based on the quasi-market or evaluation-state models However the changes are implemented progressively with varying rhythm and intensity, with more or less contradiction and coherence. In correlation, national policies show divergence depending on the path and on the processes of interpretation or hybridizing of these models with the symbolic or institutional realities of the educational and social systems involved.
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202.More information
The Monday effect is an anomaly in which Monday's market returns are significantly lower than those of other days. Following the economic transition of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, we analyzed these 11 equity markets from 1993 to 2017 for the longest series. Following an exhaustive econometric approach, we studied the profitability and the volatility of the flagship indices of each country. The Monday effect is observed in most of these markets, but turns out to be reversed for two of them. Investors can therefore use this anomaly to optimize their international investment strategy.
Keywords: effet lundi, Europe centrale et orientale, rentabilité, actions, stratégie d'investissement, Monday effect, Central and Eastern Europe, profitability, equities, investment strategy, efecto lunes, Europa central y oriental, rentabilidad, renta variable, estrategia de inversión
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203.More information
Of the Grasset de Saint-Sauveur family, we know above all André (1758-1792), a martyr of the French Revolution who was beatified in 1926. A college exists to this day which bears his name. This article however is about his older brother, a character at the opposite extreme: Jacques Grasser de Saint-Sauveur (1757-1810). Successively diplomat, polygraph, illustrator and engraver, he was also an adventurer and somewhat of a practical joker. Born in Montreal, Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur knew some literary glory during the Revolution and First Empire. He published a considerable number of travel and costume encyclopaedias, compilations and licentious stories in addition to moral works of philosophical or republican inspiration. He is of interest here from three points of view: the political and diplomatic history of Canada and France, literary history and art history. In order to zero in on this individual's personality, we shall analyse a letter he wrote in March 1785 to de Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, France's Minister of Foreign Affairs. This correspondence contains a self-portrait of the adventurer looking for a patron along with all the signs of an already clearcut youthful character: initiative, audacity verging on presumptuousness, determination, a political sense and a strange mix of realism and extravagance in his world view. In this letter that Jacques de Grasset de Saint-Sauveur wrote at the age of 27 are the seeds of the whole career of he who, under the Directory, found it more prudent to leave aside the nobiliary particle and to sign "citizen Saint-Sauveur" before teaming up with the most ardent republicans of his day. Compared to André, his father, former Secretary of New France who become consul under Louis XVI, compared to his younger brother, the non-juring priest struck down by the Terror, Jacques Grasset stuck out like a sore thumb. It is this aspect that we examine here using a simple letter before coming back, in our next, to the bibliography of the black sheep of the Grasset de Saint-Sauveur family.
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SUMMARYTendencies in foetal-infant mortality in countries characterized by very low overall mortality rates should be set forth in terms of health. First with respect to physical health, greater use of technology in reproductive matters is translated by an increase in both survival rates of very low birth weight infants and, in certain countries, in multiple deliveries. Next concerning social health, given the persistence and potential deepening of social inequalities, it is unlikely that overall rates have reached a peak. Several indicators can be developed with vital statistics, including incidence of low and very low birth weight, specific risks by birth weight, and differential risks by social characteristics of the parents. These phenomena can be monitored and, to a certain extent, compared in a large number of European countries.
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