Documents found
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2141.
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2142.More information
In its earliest economic form, money and the means for exchanging it took the oldest form of swapping : barter, which in time gave way to metal coins and then, much later, was replaced by ethereal electronic or “e-money”. During each evolutionary stage, the acceptance of money has rested upon the confidence of mediating economic agents. Such confidence may be market-based or backed by government, as when money is issued by a public authority. While this diachronic profile appears at each stage in the development of money, it becomes most obvious in the evolution of paper money and e-money. This paper sets forth a description of the origins of e-money and analyzes the phenomenon of this specific form of monetary evolution in order to better understand and anticipate the trail that e-payments will eventually blaze over the Internet.
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2143.More information
The principles of effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, responsibility and accountability originating from a rejuvenation in public governance act as a catalyst to revise the classic theme of good government. Contemporary public law provides, however, a more subtle portrait of sound government principles issuing from administrative law, political science and management. The integration of these principles into national constitutions represents a new development towards a more protective approach that often exceeds the means furnished to judges in most national systems of law. If the principles of sound administration are associated with the field of administrative law whose function it is to delimit jurisdictional control, there are on the other hand numerous principles closer to the notion of good governance seen from the perspective of accountability. A comprehensive survey reveals that the concerns of public authorities were first drawn to the development of mechanisms for controlling the executive function, while the development of consequential principles arrived later. The choice of mechanisms and principles illustrates a net convergence with the formal characteristics of law. This evolution tends towards a quest for greater effectiveness in the contemporary evolution of constitutionalism such that rights, principles and objectives may be applied “differently”, which makes good sense since the ambitions of new public management are “to manage differently”.
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2144.More information
It is common knowledge that liberalizing international exchanges does not eliminate the risks involved in international trade. For indeed, parties to an international commercial transaction are often far distant from one another and naturally know little about their respective financial or industrial situations as well as the laws and customs in force in these countries. It is these circumstances that brought about various advance payment schemes such as the letters of credit. Yet world expansion of commerce that is largely due to hydro-electric projects and other projects linked together on a worldwide basis has given rise to contract guarantees. In this article the author deals with guarantees which mainly concern tender bond, performance bond, instalment reimbursement bond. By means of these guarantees, an importer may demand that a third party whose solvency is recognized will guarantee the economic bond of the exporter. The demand for supplying a contract guarantee may also be required by the international body that finances an economic project or by way of legislation in some countries. After having described the machinery of these guarantees, the author examines the legal nature and validity of them. He then analyses the legal relationship of parties to this institution. He concludes by considering different cases that may prevent the realisation of the guarantee.
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2145.
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2146.
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2147.
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2149.More information
On April 11, 1980, the U.N. Diplomatic Conference held in Vienna approved the Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods. This paper deals with the most interesting aspects of the Convention, comparing them with the rules of the Civil Code and the Draft Civil Code of Quebec on this matter. The provisions of this international uniform law are quite close to the rules and remedies existing in civil law juridictions. The major differences between the Convention and the Quebec Law are more technical than substantial. The differences between the uniform law and the national law can also be explained by particular circumstances of international trade which require more celerity and security in the field of international business transactions.