Documents found
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2191.More information
In recent years, rapid changes in both assisted reproduction and social practices have given rise to numerous questions related to parenthood and the definitions of fatherhood and motherhood in a number of disciplines. Gay, lesbian, and trans families in particular call into question the two-parent biological model (one mother and one father) in which parents produce their own children or can pass as having done so. Beyond questions about the psychological development of children born into gay, lesbian, or trans families, which numerous psychological studies have tried to answer, these types of families provide further avenues for thought in the areas of sociology, anthropology, family law, and filiation. In their diversity, these families disassociate the notions of conjugality, procreation, filiation, and parenthood. This disassociation—which jeopardizes the model in which the procreative (born of), legal (the son/daughter of), and emotional (raised by) aspects of the family exist simultaneously—exists today in many other family configurations, in particular blended families, the use of assisted reproduction with a third-party donor, and adoption.This introductory article will serve to remind readers what is meant by gay, lesbian, and trans families, and will discuss, in light of the issues raised by these topics, work from various other disciplines. A literature review will summarize work conducted on gay and lesbian parenting since the 1990s using three primary approaches: psychological, socio-anthropological, and socio-legal. The far fewer and more recent studies of trans parenting will be covered in a separate section. The article will conclude with a presentation of the articles that make up this special issue.
Keywords: homoparentalité, transparentalité, parenté trans, homoparenté, approche socio-juridique, approche socio-anthropologique, approche psychologique, gay and lesbian families, trans families, trans parenting, gay and lesbian parenting, socio-legal approach, socio-anthropological approach, psychological approach
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2193.
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2199.More information
The Province of Québec is inhabited by the Québecois, a people who have a right to self-determination. However, within the rubric of public international law these people cannot claim the right to external self-determination, i.e. to independence, because they are neither colonized nor a people whose right to internal self-determination is being denied.Indeed, within the framework of the Canadian federation, the federalgovernment has granted broad powers to the Québec government and its people. As well, Quebecers have the control of a federate entity and its political apparatus. Moreover, the Canadian Constitution does not provide for the secession of any provinces in Canada; such a process would require a constitutional modification and, therefore, negotiations between Québec and the rest of Canada.Consequently, to attain independence after a successful democratic referendum on the topic, the Québec government would have two ways to bring about the accession of their province to sovereignty. On the one hand, Québec could have its independence accepted by the federal and provincial governments in Canada. On the other hand, Québec could conquer it on the basis of political effectiveness and international recognition by other States. With respect to the latter method though, Québec would likely run up against the combined opposition of both the federal government of Canada and the Anglophone and Allophone minorities in Québec.
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2200.