Documents found
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2793.More information
Research Framework : The general challenge and originality of this thematic issue of the journal Enfances Familles Générations consists in jointly exploring two major social transformations brought about by the integration of animals into families : the first transformation being in human families and the second in human-animal relationships. Objectives : The purpose of this introduction to the thematic issue "The Place and Impact of Animals in Families" is to present the current state of knowledge on the subject, by characterizing the approaches taken and identifying blind spots and how to address them. Methodology : The article is based on a review of the literature and an analysis of approximately 100 English- and French-language publications in the social sciences and humanities that focus on the place and impact of animals in families. Results : The first part of the article is devoted to an analytical presentation of the literature. Three principal methods of integrating animals into families can be identified in the works studied : integration, assimilation and substitution. In addition, two types of approaches have been favoured to date on how to understand the family in its relationship with animals : "fixist" and flexible. The second part of the article develops a critical analysis of this research. We show that, taken as a whole, these studies generate a naturalization effect of the very specific zoological, sociological and spatio-temporal realities studied. We show that this naturalization is linked to the ill-considered use of certain semantic categories ("companion animal," "family pet" or simply "pet") 1 . It is also linked to particular systems for the production of sociological knowledge on the place of animals in families (based in part on data provided by key players in the pet industry, or created on a pointedly moral foundation). Conclusions : The article underlines the need to develop and implement a genuine sociology of family/animal relationships that, on the one hand, more candidly assumes the implicit biases that have guided research to date (a clear positioning in relation to the three methods of integrating animals into families), and on the other hand seeks to denaturalize the categories it uses while questioning the knowledge systems within which it is embedded. Contribution : Beyond a critical and problematized interpretation of the literature, this article outlines several lines of research that aim to complete and rebalance the particular image that the current literature on the dynamics of integrating animals into the family provides. Five lines are identified : (1) the symbolic construction of the integration of animals into the family (artistic and media representations, construction of categories) ; (2) the physical conditions of this integration (role of technical objects, markets) ; (3) the role of animals in the construction of the identity and socialization of families ; (4) the uses of learned and secular discourses on animal families to define and legitimize a model of human families ; (5) a sociological redefinition of the family, taking into account the different types of animal integration.
Keywords: animaux, famille, sociologie, relations anthropozoologiques, animal studies, intégration, assimilation, substitution, animals, family, sociology, anthropozoological relationships, animal studies, integration, assimilation, substitution
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2794.
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2795.More information
Laudato si' is a long document, which adopts essentially the environmentalists' traditional position including inter-discipinarity. Its author supports without reservation sustainable development, climate actions based on the precautionary principle and on the principle of common but differentiated responsibility that he considers as moral obligations. As an encyclical letter is foremost a religious and an ethical document, the former requires us to change our relations amongst ourselves and with nature, from domination – domination it qualifies as sin, which, therefore, affects our relations with God Trinity– to fraternity relations. Nature is personified in the fashion of Saint Francis of Assisi, patron saint of ecology. This is one of the reasons why the pope calls his encyclical, social rather than environmental. The latter reminds us of the priority to be granted to the poorest among us, to whom it assimilates to-day's nature. The encyclical constitutes a vigorous attack against capitalism, its utilitarian ethics and its priority granted to technological progress and consumerism, which both reduce our freedom according to it. The pope thinks that the ecological crisis has a solution which lies in an ecological conversion on the model of the Trinity through education, both spiritual and cultural, and at the same time, individual and community-oriented. One must abandon consumerism for sobriety, the culture of domination over other individuals and over nature to the benefit of fraternity with both. With the encyclical, ecology from peripheral becomes central to the Christian message. Laudato si' is not a great text but rather a great act of leadership.
Keywords: encyclique, écologie intégrale, interdisciplinarité, développement durable, actions climatiques, principe de précaution, principe de responsabilité commune mais différenciée, conversion écologique, consumérisme, progrès technologique, relations de domination, nature personnalisée, Saint-François d'Assise, option préférentielle pour les pauvres, encyclical, integral ecology, interdisciplinarity, sustainable development, climate actions, precautionary principle, common but differentiated responsibility principle, ecological conversion, consumerism, technological progress, domination relations, personalized nature, Saint-Francis of Assisi, preferential option for the poor
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2796.More information
Keywords: travail procréatif, droits procréatifs, procréation, reproduction humaine, rapports sociaux
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2798.More information
SUMMARYIn this article mental illness is presented in a sociological perspective, giving prominence to social-interaction factors which, in many cases, are responsable for the permanence of this type of illness. Its thereotical base comes !form the psychology of social-interaction developped by G.H. Mead and his disciples. This perspective defines the social human being as derived from successive interactions, beginning, at birth, with maternal contacts and extending progressively to the entirety of the members of the community of which the individual is a part. This interactional network is comprised of messages, of responses, and of expectations which make up the norms and values which in turn from the basis for the distribution of roles and statuses- From these roles and statuses derive the behaviours acceptable to a given collectivity. Among other theoretical developments, interactionist sociology gave birth to formulations on deviance which became known, in american terminology as "labelling theory". In the case of mental illness many sociologists interested in the phenomenon have studied it, using the framework elaborated by the proponents of this approach to deviance. Thus, rather than considering the deviant as abnormal in himself, deviance is viewed as a process; that is, as the result of a series of interactions confronting the individual who is not, or does not behave like the collectivity as a whole and the milieu in which he lives. When the reaction of the entourage is negative, the so-called deviant is subjected to sanctions such as avoidance, rejection, exclusion, confinement, etc... This process terminates generally in stigmatization which wraps the deviant in a label from which he will probably never free himself. The studies cited demonstrate this interactional process at different stages of mental illness, these being; d) at the point of medical diagnosis, b) during hospitalisation, c) on leaving We psychiatric institution, d) and after the return to society. The conclusion leads to an appreciation of the drama experienced by psychiatric ex-patients, for most of whom the label "mentally ill" constitutes an apparently irreversible stigmatization.