Documents found
-
171.More information
The history of Latin America has been a source of inspiration for many French-Canadian authors. The representation of its socio-political and cultural history, and of the resistance of many Latin-American governments to American and British imperialism was well received in French Canada. This representation, which articulates a sort of connected history of the Latin peoples of the Americas, has favoured the emergence of a feeling of solidarity regarding anti-imperialist Latin-American struggles well before the Quiet Revolution. This article shows how authors like Henri Bourassa, Antonio Dragon, Dostaler O'Leary and Lionel Groulx represented the history of Latin America, inviting their readers to learn more about the struggles of this region of the world against the economic domination of the great financial powers.
-
172.More information
This article presents a new genealogy of modern property rights that cannot be overridden either by the narrative that links the exclusive right of use to the progression of individual freedoms, or by the narrative that makes it a European construction formalizing the capitalist appropriation of the means of production, particularly during the movement of enclosures. It explores the history of the first colonization and the extraordinary effort of legal elaboration that accompanied it. The Iberian conquest was a time of a break in the medieval rights regime. In Spanish America, for the first time, the law no longer had the function of regulating uses, powers and exchanges in a system of entangled obligations and prerogatives linked to the land: in forms borrowed from medieval law, it instituted a radically new social order linked to the extreme violence of the first decades of the conquest. The history of this institution testifies to the strong tensions between the extortion practices imposed on conquered territories and peoples and the ancient representation of the destination of the right, particularly the right of persons linked to the status of subject of the Spanish Crown. Among the medieval legal forms that found a new destination, the encomienda was one of the first and one of the most important. But if it can legitimately be considered as one of the roots of modern property law, it is not as an archaic prototype of exclusive ownership, since it is not itself a land right. It was above all a right of command over the colonized persons, or, more precisely, a double right: a right of powerful destruction of existing uses legitimized by Christianization, and a right of coercion to productive work. Encomienda thus dislodges in its principle the medieval legal entanglement interweaving the status of people and land, and institutes the social relations that conditioned the emergence of the capitalist principle of ownership of the means of production as exclusive property.
-
173.More information
Peruvian traditional healing systems, some of which have been estimated to date back to prehistoric times, are known for their prominent usage of psychoactive plants: For curing traditions in the Andean highlands or sierra, it is the coca bush (Erythroxylum coca) that plays the protagonist role. Healing traditions that have arisen in the deserts of the northern Pacific coast (costa), on the other hand, are characterized by the usage of the psychoactive huachuma cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi). Finally, medical systems that have evolved east to the Andes in the tropical forests of the Amazon make use of diverse psychoactive plants, of which especially tobacco (Nicotiana rustica) and ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi) are known. The present contribution takes reference to the Peruvian healing tradition and mainly its Amazonian branch in the context of the ongoing psychedelic renaissance. We argue that culturally inclusive studies are critical in the scope of the revival of psychedelic research and present two examples of cross-cultural clinical field research in this context. The first one involved a collaborative study with an Amazonian traditional healer specializing in the usage of the tobacco plant for therapeutic purposes, while the second one focused on an integrative Peruvian addiction treatment program, in which Amazonian medicine is combined with psychotherapy. The examples point to promising therapeutic means and underscore the importance of an intercultural approach in view of both clinical utility and cultural equality in the psychedelic renaissance.
Keywords: plantes psychotropes, renaissance psychédélique, médecines traditionnelles, guérison autochtone, Pérou, Amazonie, tabac, psychoactive plants, psychedelic renaissance, traditional medicines, amerindian healing, Peru, Amazon, tobacco, ayahuasca, plantas psicoactivas, renacimiento psicodélico, medicina tradicional, Perú, Amazonía, nicotiana rustica, ayahuasca
-
175.More information
AbstractHispanic Hermeneutics and Socio-political and Religious Projects in America in I6th and 17th centuriesThe rapid conversion of the Autochtons of the Andes was due less to the efficacy of the missionary strategies than to the capacity of the American Indians to accept foreign religious ideas. These strategies arise from four hermeneutics. The Franciscains which surrenders to the Spirit the task of transforming the universe into a terrestial paradise ; the Jesuit which, by bureaucratie and efficient means, looks to seule the fate of the American Indians ; the Augustinian which attempts to unravel the designs of Providence ; and last, the hermeneutic of Las Casas which represents the unshakable will to counter the Spanish administration with justice. For their part the American Indians embraced this universal God who is not exclusively the God of any people in particular. This gave birth to a mental révolution in the American Indian as well as in Christianity.Henrique Urbano Département de sociologie Université Laval Cité universitaire Québec-Canada GIK 7P4
-
176.More information
AbstractMelanesian Systems of Cérémonial ExchangesChains of Partners, Redistribution and Discontinuous Generalized ExchangeIn Melanesia, exchanges very often occur by means of intermediaries or middlemen : an item x circulâtes from X to Y and from Y to Z, an item y circulâtes from Z to Y an'd from Y to X. Three Systems of cérémonial exchanges are analyzed in this paper : kula, tee and umalu. In each case, chains of three partners or more are characteri/ed by the following set of rules : (a) a man participâtes in several chains, (b) an item should never be returned to its first donor, (c) Y must gi ve to Z the item he receives from X or an item of similar value, (d) the gift and the return gift follow the same path, in reverse order. Some différences and similarities between such chains of partners, redistribution (Polanyi) and discontinuous generalized exchange (Lévi-Strauss) are examined.
-
177.More information
AbstractUnknown outside the Americas before the 15th century, tobacco was quickly exported from its traditional birthplace during the extensive explorations of the Renaissance. In just a few decades, its use spread simultaneously throughout Europe, Africa and Asia, where it adapted to local cultures with a disconcerting facility, most often, as a powerful identity marker. A study of the development of tobacco can help us better understand the construction of the identity of certain social groups and the expression of this identity in political or medical writing, as well as in arts and literature. By offering a historical, sociological and anthropological overview of tobacco use in American and western societies, this article seeks to interpret the complex relations between Man and tobacco since the 15th century. Without claiming to be exhaustive, the article examines the role of tobacco in the expression of conviviality and identity, particularly in terms of gender and social group. By eliciting reflection, the use of a multidisciplinary approach seeks to provide a more complete understanding of the interlacing of tobacco use in various cultures, as well as raising several hypotheses in regard to its future in post-modern societies.
Keywords: histoire (XVe-XXe siècles), Occident, identité, culture, tradition, modernité, history (15th-20th centuries), the West, identity, culture, tradition, modernity, historia (siglos XV-XX), Occidente, Identidad, Cultura, Tradición, modernidad
-
179.More information
AbstractThis paper follows from an earlier one in which the author questioned whether non-Native historians have the linguistic and analytic tools to interpret oral traditions and oral histories in ways that retained their integrity and cultural meaning; it concluded we do not. Here, the focus is on salvaging what is possible from these oral accounts as a way of drawing Native understanding and insights into the writing of our western-dominated histories. Under the auspices of museum programs, anthropologists have been in the field in eastern James Bay since the late 1960s and have deposited extensive reports, consisting not only of interviews but translations of oral traditions and history of an era before the Crees were more closely drawn into the industrial society. This paper analyzes these collections to furnish examples of the subjects covered and ways in which the orientation of the subjects has been determined by the interviewer. Although the author continues to maintain that such reproduction of the oral accounts wrenches them from their cultural context, she argues that what can be extrapolated from them provides vital insights into the activities and outlook of the Crees of a bygone era and are essential to writing twentieth century history.
Keywords: Morantz, tradition orale, histoire orale, Cris de la baie James, Morantz, oral tradition, oral history, James Bay Crees
-
180.More information
Abstract€ Demography, Culture, Politics: Perspectives on the condition of Indians in Mexico "Like the rest of the thirty million natives found throughout Latin American, Mexican Indians live under extremely varied conditions. Such variation cannot help but affect the viability of alternative plans for the future proposed by the new Indian movements. Ethnodemography reveals not only marked contrasts between regions, but also noteworthy recent changes in the definition of t Indian-ness ".