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For 130 years, the Calchaquí Valley's Indians succeeded in preserving their autonomy against all colonizing devices of the Spanish province of Tucumán. Over the course of two campaigns, between 1659 and 1667, the Tucumán governor dramatically put down the resisting enclave by denaturalizing all valley inhabitants and relocating them all around the province, and even as far as Buenos Aires and the Río de la Plata's shores. Until recently, it has been believed that those deportations had erased any traces of the Calchaquí Indians in the region. The main objective of the present study is to re-open the case and to go beyond such an oversimplified perspective which neither takes into account the 19th and 20th centuries processes rendering them invisible nor the documentary evidences testifying to their significant presence, even as collective entities. The recent Argentinian historical and ethnohistorical developments on the issue, as well as the current re-emerging Indian movements, which directly question the heretofore unchallenged and long-held assumption that they disappeared, both call for such revision.
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