Documents found
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131.More information
Vidal de la Blache (1845-1918) has always been interested in the “modernization” of the world. He was fascinated by the strong influence of railroads on spatial organization, social structure, forms of government, and people's mentality. And he tried to explain the complex interrelations or combinations between “traditional and fixed structures” and “modern contacts and circulation.” This paper examines what kind of role his research on Asian countries played in the formation and development of his own geographical conception. What perspective did he gain from the experience of modernization in a non-European region? By exploring his research on Asia, we could reconsider not only the development of his conception of modern human geography, but also his vision of the formation of the modern world.
Keywords: Vidal de la Blache, modernisation, circulation, contradiction, Asie, Vidal de la Blache, modernization, circulation, contradiction, Asia, Vidal de la Blache, modernización, circulación, contradicción, Asia
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132.More information
From December 2019 through March 2020, India was rocked by protests against two pieces of legislation, the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Registry of Citizens (NRC), that discriminated against Muslims. Protests against this legislation were historic, even in a country with a strong culture of political protest: they were marked by inter-religious, inter-generational, and inter-community solidarity and were largely spearheaded by Muslim women. The protests sparked debates about religion and citizenship in a secular state, debates among protesters as well as between protesters and supporters of the state's laws. This article examines two protest chants that elicited debate: an Urdu poem and the Muslim statement of faith, the Shahada. It argues that the debates illuminate some of the paradoxes of secular citizenship and renew questions that preoccupied anti-colonial nationalists of the twentieth century. Ultimately, the article suggests that these controversies are necessary to and constitutive of politics in religiously-plural states.
Keywords: Lemons, citoyenneté, pluralisme religieux, laïcité, islam, Inde, poésie, Lemons, citizenship, religious pluralism, secularism, Islam, India, poetry, Lemons, ciudadanía, pluralismo religioso, laicidad, islam, India, poesía
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133.More information
Research Framework : The Indian Constitution guarantees the right to reproductive autonomy, including the right to access contraception. However, women continue to face significant barriers to reproductive autonomy and female sterilization remains the most commonly used method. Objectives : This article looks at the configuration of women's contraceptive work in Bhuj (Gujarat, India), highlighting the material, financial and temporal constraints that still limit their reproductive autonomy. This paper aims to highlight the way in which women users of family planning services respect, criticize or circumvent social and legal injunctions regarding contraception. Methodology : This research is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2015 and 2018 in a public hospital in the city of Bhuj (Gujarat, India) and interviews with 40 women. Results : Because of the modesty that surrounds sexuality and the social disapproval of the manifestation of sexual desire, women hide the contraceptive work that they produce. Contraception is not only an invisibilized procreative work, but it must also be invisibilized by the users, in order to have a reproductive autonomy. This is one of the reasons that contribute to the increase use of sterilization, which is the preferred method of birth control in Bhuj today. Conclusions : The division of contraceptive labour contributes to and reinforces social and gender inequalities. Contraception is asserted as a responsibility that women must manage, even if several forms of authority influence this management. However, through a trade-off between the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods, women demonstrate a pragmatic agency that allows them to regulate their reproductive journey and to affirm their sexual identity as fertile women. Contribution : The article aims to update existing research on family planning in India, by mobilizing the notion of contraceptive work.
Keywords: travail contraceptif, corps, femme, agentivité, stérilisation, Inde, contraceptive work, body, woman, agency, sterilisation, India
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136.More information
The eight month-long Gulf crisis, which followed the Iraki invasion of Koweit, had at first financial implications for India due to the rise in oil prices and the repatriation of Indian expatriates affected by the conflict. Furthermore, these additional expenditures occurred at a time when the Indian economy was already showing signs of strains. If Saddam Hussein's adventurism was reprehensible, New Delhi was careful not to lend Us support to the coalition headed by the United States and directed against a country of the Islamic world with which India had until then friendly relations. Still India could not ignore the post-cold war balance of power. While sitting on the fence, the Indian diplomacy was taking the risk of losing credibility and of being edged out. This was all the more possible since the country was confronted with a serious political crisis. However this situation allowed for the elaboration of new strategies and ultimately the Gulf crisis was a transition period during which time-tested policies were questioned.
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