Documents found
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7761.More information
Protected areas represent a key tool to mitigate climate change, as they provide several ecosystem services to people, especially the surrounding communities. However, their multiple roles in adaptation or resilience to climate change are often overlooked. In addition, the ecosystem services they provide to populations are mostly unknown, which affects their appropriation by neighbouring communities and, therefore, their protection. Our study consists of evaluating the knowledge of local communities on the role played by the Ivorian Marahoue National Park (MNP) and the ecosystem services it can provide. More specifically, the study aims to question the surrounding communities on the importance of the MNP at the local and national level and the ecosystem services that it can provide as a regional biosphere. The results show that local populations have different perceptions of the role of the MNP, assets, and ecosystem services. However, knowledge is not evenly distributed among neighbouring communities. Teachers and those with higher levels of education better understand the roles of the MNP and have different knowledge about ecosystem services. Although a large part of the population wishes to be involved in the MNP management process, the majority believe that the management of the protected area is poor, and therefore its restoration is unnecessary. To better integrate the surrounding communities into the park's management processes, this research highlights the need to develop awareness-raising projects on the benefits and ecosystem services offered by the MNP at the local level.
Keywords: aires protégées, Changement climatique, Services écosystémiques, Marahoué, Côte d'Ivoire, protected areas, Climate Change, Ecosystem services, Marahoue, Ivory Coast
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7764.More information
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which came into force on January 1, 1995 and is under the administration of the World Trade Organization (WTO), is the first multilateral agreement on trade in services. In it has been implemented a framework of basic obligations that apply in principle to all service sectors. It also includes in complementary annexes various specific commitments with regard to the following sectors : financial services, telecommunications, air-transport services and the movement of natural persons. These more specific commitments proved necessary owing to the complexity and particularities found in these sectors. This paper offers an in-depth and detailed analysis of the specific rules applying to these sectors. While numerous and quite significant— especially in the financial services and telecommunications sectors— and contrary to the general rules under GATS, until now they have been the subject of few in-depth analyses. The legal analysis is accompanied with a presentation of the relative contextual environment that sheds light on the particular nature of these sectors and the reasons why such specific commitments were negotiated. In concluding, further emphasis is put upon other sectors where specific issues arise and for which — within the context of the new round of negotiations on services begun in the year 2000 - the negotiation of special and more specific rules could prove to be necessary or useful.
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7765.More information
After a century of attempts to establish a uniform system for maritime transportation liability, it is somewhat paradoxical that this matter now is sometimes governed by the Rules of the Hague, by the Rules of the Hague-Visby or by the Rules of Hamburg. The author demonstrates how intent to set up a unique international legal framework splintered into a multitude of legal systems that compete with one another for the maritime transportation liability, at the expense of goods owners. Each system continues to impose a ceiling on maritime transportation liability, yet most of them still grant maritime carriers with various exonerating circumstances.
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7770.More information
Judicial review of the decisions of labour relations boards has been a nagging problem for the Supreme Court of Canada for decades. The decision of the Court in Le Syndicat des Employés de Production du Québec et de L'Acadie v. Canada Labour Relations Board et al. provides an opportunity for and indeed provokes review of the work of the Court in dealing with this recurring problem. This essay begins by placing in perspective the concrete issue posed in the L'Acadie decision. But the particular facts of that case are used only as a vehicle to explore the nature of the problem of judicial review of labour decisionmakers and the history of the Court's handling of it. A fundamental thesis of this essay is that the Court's work can be best understood as comprising two distinct periods, the early years (pre-1979) and the new era (1979-1984?). This essay articulates the view that during the early years the Court developed a law of judicial review which was wholly inadequate both in functional and doctrinal terms. In the new era the Court simplified and reformed the law of judicial review of labour boards and labour arbitrators. It is only from the perspective of the Court's previous handling of the issue that the decision in L'Acadie can be truly understood. When so viewed the decision is perfectly inadequate. The case creates a new distinction based upon the old confusion of “jurisdiction”. This essay then develops the view that no theory of judicial review which revolves around the notion of “jurisdiction” can ever satisfactorily deal with the issues presented. In this respect the Court's own cases from the “new era” represent a much more sensible, if still a second best approach. Finally, suggestions for a legislative solution to the problem posed by L'Acadie are briefly explored.