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501.More information
Philosophers, ethicists, essayists and political dissidents did much to modify the direction of Western Postmodernities throughout the eighties. Ethos and Polis became the two loci of Postmodern problematics. Central European intellectuals who had chosen exile (Bauman, Kolakowski, Fehér and Heller), as well as German and Dutch philosophers and social theorists (Kamper, Wellmer, Van Reijen) also brought a complementary inflexion to the directions signalled by Lyotard in the eighties. Without unconditionally accepting the demise of master narratives, they proposed a patient, methodical distantiation from Enlightenment ideals, as well as an ecological reading of Modernity.
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503.More information
Like most Romantic novelists, Victor Hugo scorns laughter and levity. This paper concerning the 1869 novel L'homme qui rit scrutinizes the following paradox: while Hugo considers laughter as an essentially negative phenomenon, a manifestation of either cruelty or suffering, he nevertheless strives to make his readers laugh. Victor Hugo is indeed a humoristic writer, even though his representation of laughter is invariably critical. The character of Ursus, a portrait of the artist as an aging erudite, is emblematic of this contradiction between theory and practice, a contradiction that often stems from Hugo's mock-knowledge of things past and humoristic visions.
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