Documents found
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1161.More information
AbstractIn their claims-making, civil society actors make use of a new vision of citizenship, one based on concepts of participation, democracy, decentralisation and rights. This article uncovers the discursive instruments of this vision in the discourse of community groups in Quebec. In particular, the analysis reveals that the location for defining the general interest has shifted from the state to civil society. This de-centring of the creation of society's values has consequences for the legitimacy of the political realm itself and leads us to wonder about the symbolic and institutional spaces in which a “shared world” will be created.
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1162.More information
AbstractIt has become possible over the last few years to create automatic systems that generate, from a semantic representation, linguistically well-formed texts in a well-defined technical sublanguage. Such a system exists for the sublanguage of stock market reports. The system produces English and French stock market reports from the same data coming from the New York Stock Exchange. This article presents this English and French automatic text generation system and briefly describes the particularities of the stock market sublanguage.
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1163.More information
ABSTRACTThis article is based on a research study that interviewed 25 young people from an industrial region in eastern France in 1998. It seeks to analyse the social decline of young people of working-class origin who, often in spite of themselves, participated in the wave of school démocratisation between 1985 and 1995. Different case studies reveal their failure to pass the examinations which were formally opened to them, their view of themselves as only temporary workers when they find work in a factory, and a parallel social decline in the family, because family members who attended a professional lycée may have done better. The case studies also uncover a feeling of low self-worth related to the return to the factory they had sought to avoid by undertaking longer studies.
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1164.More information
This article describes two different measures of reputation on the Web : Google's PageRank which measures the impact of each page through the numbers of links to which the page is connected, and Facebook's EdgeRank which measures the number of likes about a content, its social diffusion and redistribution and associates to it a measure of authority. These two measures represent also a different way of conceiving the relationship between the author and the text, given the role of the social image of the author in the second case. They also correspond to two different representations of the Web, conceived in the first case as a documentary space and in the second case as a Web of people.
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1168.More information
This paper gives the description of an ongoing research program covering the spatialization of the epigraphic documents and the information they present. The text not only reminds of the beginnings of the spatial epigraphy but it also explains the issues of this research and presents the work carried out for over more than three years by historians, epigraphers and archaeologists involved in the programme, whether they specialize in spatial issues or not. It presents an epigraphic database adjusted within the programme and which has been developed to ensure statistical and spatial treatment of the various epigraphic data (anthroponymy, civic status, social relationships, religious practices, trades etc.) provided by the epigraphic monument. The aim is to increase our knowledge of the territorial dynamics during Antiquity.
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1169.More information
Security in airlines networks: the role played by computers in the ability for a technical macro-system to autoregulate. If, until now, the airlines system was successful in its aims at security, it is due to several factors : - the part played by imagination which, in this process, cannot be neglected : when the Mermoz became airline pilots, one had to inculcate upon them the ideology of security and in that purpose the proceedings called « check-list » were capital. Now, those proceedings follow a logical way of critical exams which introduces an algorithmic view of computing type before hand; - the creation of a cobweb network which allows a control on the entire territory (or on a space defined as such since the first widespread control was used to bomb Germany); - the homogenization of space by using a common technology of communications which, somehow, changes the physical space into an electro-magnetic space one can master by technic; - the setting up of authorities whose assignment is to formulate security laws and to manage the air flows (with a common language: English). But, today, computers are a factor of security which act at another level : as managing system on board, on the A-320, for example, they give such a precise knowledge of the essential parameters that, at time, they should bring about a reduction of security rules by establishing a direct contact between the ground and the aircraft. However, one can wonder if excluding the pilot (and the controller in the long term) from the loop could not possibly have regrettable consequences on the security it is supposed to improve.
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1170.More information
A study on the construction of uses of the first museum CD-ROMs affords an opportunity to question users' relations with these singular cultural and technical objects. Two ways of linking culture and technology emerge. The first consists of relating these objects to other existing cultural products and the second of trying to characterize them. On the one hand, users compare these CD-ROMs to cultural objects with which they are familiar and with which they try to establish complementarity: books, TV programmes, video cassettes, visits to exhibitions, etc. It is through comparison that the CD-ROM secures its legitimacy, in a sense. From this point of view, users do not necessarily adhere to the representations of museums or designers of innovations. On the other hand, interactivity is very often perceived as the main characteristic of this technically innovative cultural object. For a long time something of a myth, it may prove to be a powerful educational tool or show that the CD-ROM is a real innovation.