Documents found
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1171.More information
Keywords: communs, enclosures, plateformes, communautés, documents, commons, enclosures, platforms, communities, documents
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1173.More information
Summary : Does a frequency-ordered search model account for the processing of nearly equiprobable homographs ?Two experiments were carried out to determine whether the effect of the relative frequency of meanings in the processing of homographs depends on the degree of dominance of one meaning relative to the other. In Experiment I, subjects were given a meaning classification task, using unambiguous sentences which ended with nearly equiprobable French homographs (for example, « pêche » : « fishing » or « peach » ). In this condition, sentences inducing the slightly more frequent meaning were classified a little more rapidly and correctly than those inducing the less frequent meaning, but this frequency effect was very small and statistically insignificant. In Experiment II, with an ambiguity detection task, a frequency effect was found only in the case of high dominance items, and not in the case of nearly equiprobable homographs. The analysis of this Frequency by Dominance interaction underlines bolh the relevance and the limits of a frequency-ordered search model's account of the lexical organization of homographs.Key words : lexical access, lexical ambiguity, relative frequency of meanings.
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1174.More information
Summary: Musical expertise and temporal regulation.Recently, a number of experiments have been conducted to test the hypothesis that an internal clock mediates estimation and reproduction of time. We attempted to separate possible biological and cognitive components by comparing experts' and novices' performances in an experiment that requires isochronous rhythmic behaviours. Expert subjects (high-level pianists, percussionists, and singers) and novices completed three tasks : (a) Spontaneous Motor Tempo Task (SMT) ; (b) continuation task for which a sequence of 3 or 7 isochronous « inductor stimuli » had to be continued, with the inter-stimuli interval (ISI) being 400, 600 or 800 ms ; (c) synchronization task for which the ISI was 400, 600 and 800 ms. Contrary to previous assumptions, for the SMT the average inter-response interval (IRI) of 600 ms was not obtained with novices or with experts. In the continuation task, the number of inductors did not affect the subjects' performances, and a difference in the variability of the IRI was observed between experts and novices, mainly at the end of their sequence of taps. In the synchronization task, the variability of IRI was greater when the tempo was slower ; the novices were significantly less regular thon the experts. The particularly regular behaviour of percussionists suggests a reconsideration of the respective contribution of the biological, cognitive and motor components of temporal adjustments.Key words : isochronous rhythms, synchronization, musical expertise.
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1175.More information
The authors are putting to the test a technical device which is expected to show clearly children word identification strategies. On the computer screen page, one word and one drawing are presented side by side, each being blurred so as to be under the threshold of identification for the children. The pupil must identify either one or both of them. He must be able to assess the consistency of a word with an image, as both elements have not always the same meaning. To make his decision, the pupil may ask the researcher to reconstruct progressively the drawing or the word on the screen page. The first results, concerning three groups of pupils (two groups of pre-readers and beginners in the first and second year of cycle 2 and a group of readers in the last year of cycle 3) show how this device is useful For grasping the links between the reading level, the nature of the signifiers being reconstructed and the numbers of reconstructions. Moreover, similar behaviours concerning the reconstruction of signifiers are noticed at the two ends of the cursus confirming the importance of cognition flexibility in the development of identification strategies.
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1177.More information
The aim of this paper is to gain perspective on the social climate found in Quebec's provincial correctional facilities since the introduction of an indoor smoking ban. Data was collected from 113 inmates incarcerated in three provincial correctional facilities, using a mixed methods design. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics, while qualitative data were the object of a thematic analysis. Results from the study show that inmates, for the most part in disagreement with the new regulation banning indoor smoking, believe its implementation has played a role in increasing social tensions and cigarette trafficking, as well as contributing to a rise in the price of cigarettes on the black market. Depending on their position and influence within the prison environment, this situation was perceived to be either profitable or detrimental to the inmates. The initial hypothesis that the implementation of a new regulation on tobacco use would disrupt the prison's social climate is supported by the results obtained from this study.
Keywords: Établissements de détention, règlement sur le tabac, climat carcéral, Correctional facilities, anti-tobacco regulation, prison social climate, indoor smoking ban, Establecimientos penitenciarios, reglamento sobre tabaco, clima penitenciario
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1178.
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1179.More information
The methods used in corpus linguistics are very relevant in order to analyze how terminology works within texts. The first part of the paper puts forward arguments explaining how these methods are relevant. These methods focus on the lexicon, but also allow to study other phenomena related to linguistics, syntax, semantics or discourse. In fact, the main point in textual terminology is that what is studied is actual uses, since the analysis takes into account both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts. Textual terminology is therefore relevant not only for defining terms, but also for achieving other kinds of aims. The paper presents how those methods may be used in a multidisciplinary situation dealing with the emergence of a new field, i.e. exobiology. We show how three types of clues (formal, quantitative and distributional) are used in order to identify polysemy, synonymy or loanwords. The approach is also relevant to identify whether these phenomena are deliberate, and when they can be a source of conflict. In such a study, the role of experts is crucial, not only in order to validate the results but also because they are end users of the results. Finally, we hope that by presenting them with a wide range of linguistic phenomena in a multidisciplinary corpus dealing with exobiology, we can contribute to the definition of this new field.
Keywords: exobiologie, interdisciplinarité, sémantique terminologique, rôle des experts, terminologie textuelle, exobiology, multidisciplinarity, terminological semantics, role of experts, textual terminology
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1180.More information
This paper focuses on a confrontation between two modelling demarches led, on the one hand, by psychologists of the interaction and, on the other hand, by computer scientists which are concerned with multiagents systems in the field of distributed artificial intelligence. The researchers are taking an active interest in the question of the interaction, between subjects for the ones, and between agents for the others. The studied processes justify this confrontation as well as the resort, in both cases, to the speech act theory.