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SummaryTo be informed about the last publications recently published or to produce a bibliography in a given thematic field is essential for researchers in the biomedical field. If the use of Internet information searching tools such as «Google» or « Alltheweb » makes possible to discover a great part of the grey literature, bibliographic databases like Embase, Current Contents, Biosis or Medline via PubMed are essential tools to locate scientific articles. Among these bibliographic databases, Medline PubMed, thanks to its free access, is the most used. However, a correct utilization of the various functionalities proposed (thesaurus MeSH, systematization of bibliographic searches…), and consequently the quality of bibliographic researches carried out in this database, requires to master elementary knowledge which are exposed in this article.
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In less ten years, local complementary currencies have proliferated throughout France, and a dynamic ecosystem has been established. Although nearly all of these currencies developed by issuing paper money, they are now increasingly transitioning to a digital form. This article notes the issues at stake in this transition and discusses the ways in which local currencies and cryptocurrencies may be complementary or in competition in the French context, which has been marked over the past few years by the upsurge in the number of fintech actors. Although the adoption of nonneutral technological solutions has established a logic of increasing returns, France’s local currency ecosystem is proving resilient enough to overcome the risks associated with these external players acting out of financial interest.
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Intellectual property is a legal protection granted to certain producers of new knowledge (authors, inventors…) holding exclusive rights over the exploitation of their creations (works, inventions…). As information and communication technologies become increasingly widespread and the practice of sharing (content or expertise) common, the principle of exclusivity and its effectiveness are continually challenged in theory and in fact. This article recalls the origins of intellectual property and the debates surrounding it ; subsequently, it takes into account the case of copyright protection with respect to digital technologies.
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Of the many causes of distributed water quality deterioration, biological phenomena are undoubtedly the subject of the most study, and are also the most closely monitored because of short-term public health risks. Although high heterotrophic bacterial counts do not necessary constitute a health risk, they are the sign that a particular network is subject to biological disorders which can protect pathogenic species. What is more, the evolution of the bacterial biomass in the network also affects other aspects of distributed water quality, such as tastes and odours, the development macro-invertebrates, the appearance of colour and turbidity and the appearance of biocorrosion phenomena. Qualitative management of distribution networks is therefore to ensure that the quality of the product is kept as constant as possible up to the farthest points of the distribution. With this in mind, it is essential to understand, describe and model the various phenomena which lead to the evolution of water quality during distribution. Mathematical modelling is necessary in order to take ail parameters into account in view of the complexity of the different phenomena involved. A determinist type modelling was developed to predict bacterial variations (viable and total bacteria) during distribution. The model takes into account: - the fate of available nutrients consumed for the growth of suspended and fixed bacteria, - the influence of temperature on bacterial dynamics, - the natural mortality of bacteria by senescence and grazing, - the mortality resulting from the presence of chlorine disinfectant, with a differentiation between the action on free et fixed bacteria,- the impact of different forms of chlorine in water (HCIO/CIO-) dépending on pH on the mortality rate,- the deposition of suspended bacteria and the detachment of fixed bacteria,- the chlorine decay kinetics onder the influence of temperature, hydraulics and pipe materials.The modelling of the fixed biomass as a layer uniformly distributed over the pipe surface, expressed as an équivalent thickness of carbon, has been adopted. By this way, a differentiation between the mathematical expression of the free and that of the fixed biomass was made in the model. This mean it is possible to distinguish between phenomena depending on their locations: reactions in solution, réaction at the water/biofilm surface interface and within the biofiJm.This model proposes also an original approach for chlorine bactericidal action on suspended and fixed biomass. To model the action of chlorine on the fixed biomass and its stronger résistance compared with the free biomass, the diffusion of the chlorine through the boundary layer and the biofilm has been taken into account. This calculation of the average penetration depth of the chlorine front into the biofilm enables the identification of two layers: a chlorinated layer and a layer not attained by the chlorine which provides a material indication of the better resistance of the fixed biomass.As detachment is a key phenomenon in the modelling of bacterial dynamics in distribution Systems, the influence of different formulas of detachment kinetics on the mathematical expression of model variables were determined by soiving model equations.The model has been interfaced with PICCOLO software, the SAFEGE hydraulic calculation model. It is constructed by using hydraulic results previously generated by PICCOLO and a numerical scheme to predict bacterial count at each node and on each link of a network. Installed on a PC type computer, the model uses the graphic interface of PICCOLO and provides an effective and easy way to visualise on a computer screen water quality variations in the network, using a colour code for bacterial count, nutrient concentration and chlorine residual.The first model calibration was done using data from our pipe loop pilot under various operating conditions. The model has been also used to simulate a variety of distribution Systems of different sizes and levels of details and a validation of the model has been carried out by means of measurement campaigns on different distribution Systems.Animating and visualising variations of bacteria counts in distribution system is an unique approach to study the changes in water quality. This tool is helpful to propose strategies for the management of distribution Systems and treatment plants and define the different zones of bacterial regrowth in relation with hydraulic conditions.
Keywords: croissance bactérienne, modélisation, réseaux de distribution, logiciel, bio-film, eau potable, bacterial regrowth, modelling, distribution systems, software, biofilm, drinking water
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While new technologies proliferate in teenagers' everyday life, the educational system seems unable to close the gap when it comes to students' digital litteracy practices. Therefore, learning in the context of a classroom is hardly related to youth practices and experiences, while teens are massively exposed to a wide range of multimodal texts on various digital and traditional medias outside of school (Jewitt, 2005; Miller, 2007; Penloup, 2017; Walsh, 2008). But whereas various educational resources provide means to support teaching and learning writing in classrooms, few allow teachers to accompany their students toward digital writing. Our study aims to put forth a well-documented and detailed experimentation of digital writing teaching targeted towards teenagers. To achieve this, we undertook to identify knowledge and competencies to develop in order to write video game narrative as a multimodal hypertext. This research and development have been validated by experts in language didactics, in literature and computer sciences, educational advisors and teachers. We will feature the enhanced didactic material following the iterative steps of validation.
Keywords: jeu vidéo, hypertexte multimodal, écriture numérique, récit de jeu vidéo, recherche-développement, video game, multimodal hypertext, digital writing, video game narrative, research and development