Documents found
-
2691.More information
The present study characterizes the different types of urban agriculture in Ouagadougou and defines their spatial distribution. The study was specifically interested in the spatial and temporal dynamics for more than a decade. The first studies on truck farming in Ouagadougou took place in 1992 with a spatial inventory in 1996 (Cissé, on 1997) which also corresponds to the period when the agrarian and land Reform was adopted in Burkina (RAF stands for Réforme Agraire et Foncière). The RAF does not explicitly prevent urban agriculture within the city of Ouagadougou, rather it says that the urban fields of Burkina are mainly used for activities related to the needs of the urban life (housing, trade, industry, arts crafts), while rural fields are mainly for agriculture, cattle breeding (or livestock), and to other rural activities in general (RAF, 1996). This reason justifies the relevant choice of this year as reference in the analysis of this spatial dynamics. The results present the spatial distribution of the sites of agriculture in the city of Ouagadougou between 1996 and 2009, as well as the total surface area exploited in the truck farming according to the seasons. They analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics observed according to the urban land pressure and to the availability of the water, which is an indispensable resource for the survival of the activity. Therefore, this is an inexplicit prohibition which exists since then, which explains the pertinent choice of 1996 as the reference in the analysis of the spatial evolution of this activity. The results present the spatial distribution of the sites of agriculture in the city of Ouagadougou between 1996 and 2009, as well as the total surface area exploited in the truck farming according to the seasons. They analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics observed according to the urban land pressure and to the availability of the water, which is an indispensable resource for the survival of the activity.
Keywords: Système d'information géographique (SIG), agriculture urbaine (AU), maraîchage, Ouagadougou, dynamique spatiale, Geographic information systems (GIS), urban agriculture, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, spatial dynamic
-
2692.More information
The article focuses on the multiple facets of the state's informalization via its presence in Argentina's youth employment sector. It demonstrates that beyond informal or undeclared work, informality also emerges at the heart of formal employment and is protected through situations that are more or less legal. It is challenging for the state to regulate, despite its long list of measures against such situations. Paradoxically, informality results from state action because of the ambiguity of the direct or indirect programs which, aiming to develop the capacity, the employability, the social inclusion, or the formalization of undeclared employment, reproduce situations of informality for working youth. These elements are illustrated with data from qualitative and longitudinal research on the subject of the professional journeys of Argentinian youth.
-
2693.More information
The rise in popularity of the maker movement in schools is evident around the globe, yet research, particularly in French, is still in early stages. This article provides a scoping review of maker projects in grades four through eight classrooms in elementary schools from around the globe, aiming to uncover their implementation, materials used, and outcomes on students and teachers. From 1900 initial studies, 68 scientific articles were analyzed. This article outlines the three stages of maker projects: 1) inspiration and preparation, 2) implementation and realization, and 3) presentation and recontextualization, while highlighting an equal mix of digital and physical tools within the selected papers. It also discusses the impact on students across affective, social, disciplinary, and metacognitive dimensions, as well as on teachers, including pedagogical, affective, and social outcomes. Examples of disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary maker projects are highlighted, showcasing the broad scope and potential of maker education. These findings are essential for strengthening teacher education with research-informed best practices for designing and integrating maker projects in classrooms.
Keywords: digital technologies, bricoleur, maker, formation enseignante, maker, maker education, revue de la portée, scoping review, teacher education, technologies éducatives
-
-
2695.More information
We propose to characterize the organization of the French digital university, examining its processes of manufacture, operation and governance by interrogating the concept of rhizome, developed in 1980 by Deleuze and Guattari. By French digital university, we mean the digital technologies that underpin the operation and management of higher education. This article aims to describe the various organizational forms observed (associations, public interest groups, consortiums, public institutions ...), as well as their interactions, adopting a categorical approach in a bid to make this deeply organic organization intelligible as it develops discretely through the interaction of the actors who make it up. The analysis of this dynamic allows us to grasp the complexity of the French university digital ecosystem and to understand how the players involved collaborate, interact and influence the evolution of the system, thus forming a form of new governance. Using interviews conducted over the past two years and information gathered formally and informally, we examine the mechanisms of this ecosystem, highlighting the modes of action of the various players, including universities, technology companies and public bodies. This approach offers a rhizomic perspective on the evolution of digital technology in French higher education.
Keywords: organización rizómica, organisation rhizomique, rhizomic organization, universidad digital, numérique universitaire, digital university, gouvernance publique, public governance, gobernanza pública, university, universidad, université, digital mutations dynamics, dinámica de las mutaciones digitales, dynamique des mutations numériques
-
2696.More information
Saint-Jean-Eudes is a neighbourhood located between the Chicoutimi and Jonquière district limits in he city of Saguenay. Situated between the Rio Tinto plant and the Saguenay River, it has undergone many changes in recent years. Since it is one of the last neighbourhoods in the city of Saguenay to have preserved the characteristics of a working-class sector until the 2000s, it is a case of interest for studying and understanding the transformations of a working-class neighbourhood. This text presents the results of qualitative research carried out in urban sociology. The study allows us to observe how the social and economic changes that have occurred in recent decades have modified social relations in this urban area and have transformed the lifestyles of the inhabitants as well as their perceptions of the industrial environment of the neighbourhood.
Keywords: Saint-Jean-Eudes, Saint-Jean-Eudes, social transformation, transformation sociale, working-class, classe ouvrière, urban sociology, sociologie urbaine
-
-
2698.More information
We have identified three points that demonstrate the normative influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on intellectual property law. First, the application of intellectual property law to AI is going to be conditioned by the ethical and legal norms that frame the use of AI. Second, AI is a tricky innovation to bring into the intellectual property fold because of its evolving nature. Its introduction into the field of intellectual property law inexorably leads to the transformation of the main notions of this law, and in particular the notions of protectable creation and protected creator. Thirdly, it appears from the above that intellectual property law has not yet been adapted to AI. On the other hand, outside of intellectual property law, several rules have already been adopted to foster the development of AI. In particular, they aim to make accessible the data necessary for AI to function. Finally, intellectual property law, as it exists today, does not seem to be the regime chosen to foster AI technologies.
Keywords: droit d’auteur, copyright, European law, droit européen, creation, création, IA, AI, patent, brevet, données, data, données ouvertes, open data
-
-
2700.More information
The Mousterian site of Pech de l’Azé IV is located in Carsac (Dordogne) in the Perigord region of southwest of France, very near the town of Sarlat. The site was excavated during the 1970s by F. Bordes but it was never well published. In 2000 we published a study of the lithics from Bordes’ excavations. From 2000 to 2003 we conducted new work at the site to re-study the stratigraphy in order, to better understand the site’s formation processes, and to obtain dates from the sequence. We present here some initial results on the geology, a description of the stone tool industries, and some initial ESR dates (the dating program is still in progress). A detailed micro-and macroscopic study of the eight main stratigraphic levels shows that the sandy deposits come from a vast cave system that likely includes all the sites of Pech de l’Azé (I, II, and IV). The lowest level, which is characterized by dark, organic sediments, is particularly interesting. It includes within it multiple combustion zones that show evidence of having been subsequently trampled and perhaps emptied. Though the deposits come from a temperate climate, the sediments of anthropogenic origin are nevertheless well conserved. Macroscopically, there are traces of solifluction in the sequence, but the micromorphological analysis shows practically no evidence of a cold climate. As for the lithic industries, the new collection is in general comparable to that of Bordes. Nevertheless, there are some new elements including the presence of Quina technology in the upper part of the sequence.
Keywords: Middle Paleolithic, Mousterian, Neanderthal, micromorphology, geology, archaeology, site formation processes, lithic industries, human remains, restes humains, Paléolithique moyen, Moustérien, Néandertal, micromorphologie, géoarchéologie, processus de formation des sites, feu, taphonomie, industrie lithique