Documents found
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3001.More information
Indigenous knowledge has been neglected by policy leaders and research for development. This study was carried out in October 2012 in two localities (Mahon and Diéri) located in the Kénédougou province (Burkina Faso). The aim was to valorize indigenous soil classification and soil fertility perception. We studied soil units along topographic units. The toposequences were selected according to geology and geomorphology. Soils classification was established in the field, based on semi structured interviews by using focus group method with tagba and sɛmɛ farmers. Visual method was used to describe topography, color, vegetation and tactile method was used to determine texture and coarse elements. The description was focused on the upper soil (0-20 cm) only. Soil composite samples were taken in the first 20 cm, to assess indigenous soil fertility perception. We found that soil classification criteria were based on topography and soil morphological characteristics and vegetation. Soils fertility was assessed on the basis of color and vegetation. In spite of a few minor variations in some soil qualities, soil physicochemical properties perception was consistent with laboratory results, proving tagba and sɛmɛ farmers had good knowledge on soil classification criteria.
Keywords: Connaissance endogène, classification, fertilité, Kénédougou, Burkina Faso, Indigenous knowledge, soil classification, fertility, Kénédougou, Burkina Faso
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3002.More information
Assessing students with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a constant challenge. It impacts the sense of personal effectiveness of teachers working with these learners who can have multiple specificities and for whom adjustments to pedagogical practices, and specifically assessment practices, are often essential. According to the literature, teachers’ self-efficacy has a direct effect on teaching practices and their mental health. The results of our study suggest that the appropriation of practices can improve teachers’ self-efficacy when they are involved in a professional development process providing suitable material and support.
Keywords: teachers’ self-efficacy, sentiment d’efficacité personnelle, appropriation, appropriation, assessment practices, pratiques évaluatives, développement professionnel, autism spectrum disorder, professional development, trouble du spectre de l’autisme
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3003.More information
This article aims to identify the constraints and resources in the daily lives of police patrol officers in Quebec, in the COVID-19 pandemic context. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2020 in videoconference mode with a population (N=20) from a police department in one of the largest cities in Quebec. The results of this study showed that the constraints raised in the daily life of the police population such as the transformation of work, the adjustment of schedules, and the reorganization of teams, have impacts on their psychological health at work and on their well-being, namely work-related stress and work-family balance problems. It was also concluded that patrol officers have a wide range of resources categorized into four IGLO types (Nielsen et collab., 2017), namely individual resources (work experience, personal experience, training, skills and family support), group resources (team cohesion and social support), leadership resources (recognition from superiors) and organizational resources (call screening). Similarly, this study showed that male and female police officers rely on coping strategies that can be individual (personalized work techniques, defensive strategies) or collective strategies (mutual aid between teams). Limits and practical contributions are given at the end of the study.
Keywords: Policiers patrouilleurs, police patrol officers, intensive work situations, situations de travail intenses, contraintes, constraints, ressources, resources, COVID-19, Quebec, Québec
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3004.More information
This article, framed within studies on term implantation, presents the results of the online collaborative project En bons termes between a group of speakers and various actors of language and terminology planning in Canada, including the Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF). The objective of the collaboration was to find suitable terminological solutions to name new concepts in French. With a focus on the terms that were published on 11 term records in the OQLF's termbank, Le Grand dictionnaire terminologique, we analyse how the OQLF integrated speakers' suggestions, including the space and acceptability status that it gave them in the records. Conclusions show that the OQLF was open to speakers' contributions, as per the general socioterminological orientation it adopted over the last couple of decades to ensure the successful implantation of its terminology.
Keywords: aménagement terminologique, externalisation ouverte, projet collaboratif « En bons termes », néologie aménagiste, Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF), terminology planning, online collaboration En bons termes, crowdsourcing, planned neology, Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF)
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3005.More information
AbstractWhat are proper names? Are proper names translatable? A clear answer to those two questions should be prior to any attempt of machine translation of the proper names. Some authors claim that the proper name is untranslatable, while the practice shows the opposite.Different criteria such as the textual genre, the historic context, the source language or the ontological nature of the bearer play a significant role in the decision to modify or to preserve the proper name in its original shape.
Keywords: contexte, culture, nom propre, traduction automatique, typologie
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3008.More information
AbstractThis article presents the results of a study of the way teachers of French conceptualize instructional content as related to classroom interaction. Specifically, teacher's perceptions of the management of their interactions was mediated through a verbal report on planning. Improvisation is reported to be a frequent behavior adopted by teachers in their responses to students' reactions. Instructional planning is mostly mental and emphasizes functional connections: content aspects are related to each other according to the needs of students. At the cognitive level, teacher planning seems to be the result of an accomodation between the instructional organizers and the potentially disorganizing aspects of the context. These descriptive results, supported by numerous excerpts, corroborate results noted in other disciplines and thus attain a certain level of generalisability.
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3009.More information
The multiple conceptualizations of learning assessment have led to a wide variety of practices, and it is difficult to determine which ones promote student learning. The purpose of this research is to attempt to identify best practices in formative assessment in the context of elementary and secondary education. A systematic review, which identified and analyzed 35 articles, revealed five practices that are recognized as being effective in promoting student learning in the classroom. Two other practices appear promising but require further research. Implications for policies, practices and research are discussed.
Keywords: pratiques évaluatives, évaluation des apprentissages, évaluation formative, données probantes, enseignement primaire et secondaire, assessment practices, assessment of learning, formative assessment, evidence, elementary and secondary education, prácticas evaluativas, evaluación de los aprendizajes, evaluación formativa, datos probatorios, enseñanza primaria y secundaria
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3010.More information
The rotifer and cladoceran communities of a small tropical eutrophic lake (the municipal lake of Yaoundé, Cameroon) were examined from November 1996 to December 1997, in relation to some physical and chemical variables. Using a Van Dorn bottle, water samples were collected weekly from 5 depths (0 m, 0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m and 2.5 m) at three stations (I, II and III) representing the upper, middle and lower parts of the lake, respectively. Water temperature was measured with a thermometer placed in the sampling bottle and pH was measured in the field with a portable pH-meter. Oxygen concentrations were determined according to the Winkler method. Water colour, suspended solids, and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4 -N) were analyzed spectrophotometrically using standard methods. The transparency of the water column was determined with a Secchi disk. Zooplankton species were identified alive under a phase contrast microscope using several manuals, and rotifers and cladocerans were counted in a Dolfuss chamberThroughout the study, temperature and pH values of the water remained around 25°C and 7, respectively. The Secchi disk transparency did not exceed 1 m and the dissolved oxygen concentration decreased with depth to almost zero in the bottom waters. Spatial and temporal variations of these variables indicated that the middle zone (0.5 and 1.5 m) was the stratum with a critical role in the functioning of the lake. Indeed, it represented the transition zone between the trophogenic upper water layer (0 to 0.5 m) where photosynthetic activity occurred and the bottom water layer (1.5 to 2.5 m) formed by the microaerophilic to anaerobic tropholitic layer where reducing processes were important.The rotifer and cladoceran communities were relatively diverse, with 41 species collected during the study year (i.e., 26 species of Brachionidae and Trichocercidae and 15 species of Cladocera), of which 16 are reported for the first time in Cameroon. These organisms filter small organic particles (fresh algal detritus and bacteria) and their presence in the lake could be related to the relatively high algal biomass found there. In terms of relative abundance, rotifers appear to be more important than cladocerans. Among the quantitatively dominant species, the most frequent ones were the Brachionidae (Brachionus angularis angularis, B. falcatus falcatus, B. calyciflorus), the Trichocercidae (Trichocerca elongata elongata and T. bicristata bicristata) and the Cladocera (Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Chydorus eurynotus).Brachionus angularis was the most abundant and frequent rotifer observed during this study. According to several authors, a high abundance of Brachionus can be considered as a biological indicator of more eutrophic waters. This corroborates the hypereutrophic status assigned to the lake through previous studies dealing with bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in this system. Among Cladocera, Daphnia, an important bacterivore, was absent despite the high density of bacteria (~108 cell mL-1) in the lake. Previous studies in other Cameroonian aquatic systems reported the scarcity of Daphnia and these earlier authors argued that it was probably replaced by smaller sized species, which in the case of the present study would be Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Moina micrura, the only representatives of Daphniidae encountered. Up to 75% of the number of species identified were periphytic species that generally develop in the littoral zone. The massive occurrence of these species in the plankton sample of the lake was related to the high particle content. Abundance generally peaked in the middle zone of the water column, likely due to the availability of resources and the general potential for such zones to provide a refuge from predation.However, there did not appear to be any correlation between the rotifer and cladoceran communities and physico-chemical variables when the data set was examined as whole, or grouped by seasons. This suggests that the heterogeneity in species abundances was controlled by other factors, among them sampling points, depths and time of sampling. A multivariate test using canonical correspondence analysis suggested that about 3% and 5% of the variance associated with the species abundance heterogeneity could be explained by sampling point and depth, respectively. Up to 36% of this variance was attributed to the sampling months. We therefore hypothesize that the environmental conditions affecting the development and biological cycles of the studied species are highly dependent on the prevalent seasons found in a tropical zone, i.e. the rainy and the dry seasons.
Keywords: Brachionidae, Trichocercidae, cladocères, diversité spécifique, lacs tropicaux, dynamique saisonnière, Brachionidae, Trichocercidae, Cladocera, species diversity, tropical lakes, seasonal dynamics