Documents found
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461.More information
Bacterial contamination of surface waters in agricultural territories is a concern for the agricultural and public health sectors in Canada. In order to assess the influence of agriculture on this type of contamination, fecal coliforms (FC) were analyzed in water samples collected in 16 watercourses located in the southern part of the province of Quebec. Their subwatersheds cover surface areas of 15 to 100 km2 and a large range of animal densities (10 to 520 animal units•km-2) and host a mainly intensive agriculture. Fecal coliform measurements obtained bi-weekly over three years show that concentrations in watercourses increase with animal density in the subwatersheds. Regression analyses have allowed the assessment of animal husbandry and human influence on FC counts in watercourses with comparable subwatersheds. The study also shows that FC point sources located immediately upstream from the sampling stations may increase the FC median values from 3- to 20-fold during summer (May to October) and up to more than 100-fold during winter (November to April). Regression equations are provided as tools to assist bacterial contamination risk management. However, these tools have many limits: they could be improved and completed in taking into account other parameters.
Keywords: Coliformes fécaux, élevage, densité animale, densité humaine, qualité de l'eau, sous-bassins versants agricoles, régression, Fecal coliform, livestock and poultry, animal density, human density, water quality, agricultural subwatersheds, regression
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462.More information
International negotiations on climate change were organized around the allocation of tradable greenhouse gas emission permits. This work is related to a hypothetic 2030 situation, assuming that all countries will be on that date in such a system of regulation. It simulates the quantitative issues that could be related to different criteria for initial allocation of permits distinguishing systems called « pure », based on a single criterion among a panel (population, GDP, according to responsibility, grandfathering, cost reduction) and « hybrids » systems combining several criteria under explicit rules. These simulations highlight the quantitative importance of issues related to these choices in terms of justice and try to discuss the consequences that can be expected for countries that remain free to accept or not these criteria in the negotiations.
Keywords: Acceptabilité, allocation initiale, biens publics globaux, changement climatique, équité, justice, permis négociables d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre, stratégie d'atténuation, Acceptability, climate change, justice, fairness, global commons, initial allocation, mitigation strategy, tradable greenhouse gas emission permits
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463.More information
AbstractThis article examines the evolution of practices and conceptions regarding teaching, learning and the use of educational technology. An action-training-research project proposed two main learning perspectives: social-behaviourism and neo-constructivism to 40 primary level teacher participants. Data was collected using interviews and observations both at the beginning and at the end of the in-service training. An analysis of the data shows that teaching practices are mostly related to social behaviourism, while representations are mainly associated with multiple perspectives. The discussion provides an analysis of these results in light of the specific research context, the current work on changing representations, and teachers' practices. Suggestions regarding training and future research are provided.
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464.More information
The Échelle de mesure de la force de motivation pour les études médicales (French version of Strength of Motivation for Medical Studies [SMMS]) includes 16 items, and its short version, 15 items (SMMS-R). Both versions have been the subject of structural analyses in Netherlands and France. However, these previous works presented several methodological weaknesses. This study has involved 410 second- and third-year medical students. Based on a rigorous methodology, it concerns the structural properties of the scale, measurement invariance and gender differences. A polychoric correlation matrix were submitted to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using mean and variance adjusted diagonally weighted least squares method for estimation. Measurement invariance was carried out by multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Gender differences were explored statistically. The results validate a new three-factor structural model (acceptance of sacrifices, tenacity, commitment) for the French version of the scale. Measurement invariance testing shows that the item/factor interaction is not influenced by gender. Finally, data analysis strengthens that the motivational force is similarly expressed by female and male students.
Keywords: analyse factorielle confirmatoire multigroupe, études de médecine, genre, motivation, SMMS, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, medical studies, gender, motivation, SMMS, análise fatorial confirmatória multigrupo, estudos médicos, género, motivação, SMMS
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465.More information
For almost a decade, the effects of the financial crisis have been felt in local governments. Facing this constrained context, saving programs have been implemented. Several researches consider that this austerity context changes the underlying paradigm of public action. This research explores this issue by analyzing the way managers conceive austerity management. A quantitative study of textual data is conducted. We identify four types of austerity thinking based on two dimensions related to the orientation and the nature of the thinking. These results show that austerity management reflects a rebirth of NPM rather than a new paradigm for public action.
Keywords: Austérité CT, New Public Management, Performance, Austerity, Local Governments, New Public Management, Performance, Austeridad, Gobiernos locales, Nueva gestión pública, Rendimiento
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466.More information
This article presents an overview of digital literary journals. A seemingly easy task given their brief lifetime—the first online journals appeared in the early 1990s—it is, in fact, considerably more complex than one might think for a number of reasons examined here. To begin with, even the definition of « digital literary journal » is not easily agreed upon. On the one hand, we use the word « digital » to refer to various heterogeneous practices that don't readily group together. On the other hand, what we now call the « digital revolution » has produced major changes in terms of content, production, validation and distribution which greatly impact the meaning of the word « journal » itself. Different phenomena must therefore be considered separately in any attempt to illuminate the disparate practices that overlap and impinge on one another. This article first investigates the challenges facing the digitization of journals, namely the process of transposing paper journals to electronic format. It then surveys the digital journals since their inception to try to understand the different experiences that occurred from one to the other. In conclusion, an attempt is made to understand how the digital as cultural phenomenon—especially amid changes in dissemination and circulation of content and the various forms of so-called « editorializing »—has transformed the very notion of the journal itself and given rise to complex and hybrid practices that may be difficult to situate in the overall cultural vista.
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467.More information
Guérin-Pace (France). - Textual statistics: An exploratory tool for the social sciences The value of textual statistics is now widely acknowledged in many branches of the social sciences, reflecting the fact that there are few fields of research in which the text is not a major element for analysis. The statistical processing may be of responses to open questions, interviews, texts and even individual itineraries. The procedures are numerous and can be adapted to different kinds of material. The aim in the present article is to give a broad overview of the various applications of these methods, ranging from the most traditional to the most recent, and focusing on both the methodology used and the results obtained.
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469.More information
An instrument that has already proven its relevance to Indigenous languages in its implementation at national level by the States Parties, the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions also has a certain influence in commercial matters. A study of post-2005 trade agreements reveals that there are indeed cultural clauses that aim and can contribute to protecting Indigenous languages. These cultural clauses are all the more interesting in that they come in a variety of forms: reservations, specific commitments, cultural exception clauses, etc. The present text therefore proposes to list, quantify and analyze these different cultural clauses that the Parties to the UNESCO Convention have included in the various negotiated trade agreements they have negotiated, and which can contribute to the preservation of Indigenous languages, while promoting the principles and objectives of the 2005 Convention. This study thus makes it possible to list the best practices in this field.
Keywords: langues, autochtones, commerce, culture, diversité, languages, indigenous, trade, culture, diversity
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470.More information
SummaryThis paper aims to explain the rationale of hypothesis testing in research. Many studies have shown some confusion as to the significance of hypothesis testing results. This confusion could partially come from discrepancies between the approaches of Fisher, Neyman and Pearson as well as Bayes. The article clarifies the information provided by the significance coefficient, effect size and power, and proposes various software to perform power and effect size analysis.
Keywords: tests d'hypothèses, signification statistique, taille de l'effet, puissance, inférence, hypothesis testing, statistical significance, effect size, power, inference, pruebas de hipótesis, significado estadístico, tamaño del efecto, potencia, inferencia