Documents found
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492.More information
Considering the complexity of the water cycle in soil systems, models are used more than ever in parallel with field investigations to assist in the decision making process (KHAKURAL et ROBERT, 1993). Most available models are either too complicated (many non-measurable parameters) or too simple (empirical or site-specific) to be used as management tools. Such tools should conform to known theory and should be structured to enable efficient analysis of field situations with minimal requirements for parameters (CARSEL et al 1984). However, if the mechanistic models are very performing tools with regards to their representation of the processes and for the accuracy and reliability of their results, they are criticized for their complexity and for the large number of parameters they require. For this reason, their potential application as management tools cannot be recommended especially in preliminary investigations when the methodology has to be straight forward and rapidly implemented. On the other hand, existing management tools are often developed using an empirical approach for a specific context which considerably limits their transferability to different situations. Moreover, their empirical parameters often cannot be measured for the new situations, and must be adjusted for each new application. A new approach conciliating the qualities of both kinds of tools was elaborated for the development of management tools. This approach consists in using mechanistic models for simulating a set of possible situations and in rationalizing the information obtained by simulation through regression analyses or other methods. An example of this methodology is presented in this paper with the development of the hydrological part (runoff, leaching and drainage) of a management tool dedicated to the evaluation of nutrient losses related to manure applications. Developed for the Quebec conditions, 4500 theoretical situations were considered corresponding to ten climates, nine soil textures, 25 crops and two slope values. Independently, agricultural management practices and drainage were taken into account.For the mechanistic simulation of the water budget in the 4500 theoretical situations, the hydrologic module of the mechanistic-stochastic model AgriFlux was used (BANTON et al. 1993b). Because of the important field variability of most parameters, the stochastic AgriFlux model incorporates the variability resulting from field heterogeneity, measurement errors and intrinsic uncertainty related to parameter definition. The soil profile is divided in plot scale homogeneous horizons (or compartments) and a daily time step is used in the calculations. The water budget module in AgriFlux is named HydriFlux and simulates all the water-related processes (precipitations, snowmelt, infiltration, runoff, water uptake by plants, evaporation, percolation and drainage) using characteristic water contents and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.In the example presented, the simulation results obtained by running HydriFlux have shown that the soil water fluxes (runoff and percolation) vary as linear functions of both the annual rain volume (the most important characteristic of the climate) and the logarithm of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (the most important characteristic of the soil type). A reduction of the number of crops could also be achieved by taking into account the water needs and the water uptake curves of the crops. This rationalization-simplification reduced the number of theoretical simulations to be stored in the management tool to 120 (2 climates x 3 textures x 10 crops x 2 slopes). These represent only 2.7% of the initial situations simulated by the mechanistic HydriFlux model. The different water fluxes are stored in the management tool as tables in which direct interpolations are performed to calculate the fluxes corresponding to all the potential intermediary situations. Such developed management tool presents good qualities at the same time for its calculation speed, for its easy parameterization, for the reliability of its evaluation (through the evaluation of the mechanistic model) and for its high transferability and applicability to various situations. The calculations are rapidly done and their programming can be very easily made by using a spreadsheet software.An application of this evaluation method has been done on an experimental site located in Quebec (ENRIGHT et MADRAMOOTOO, 1994), the only one for which both the runoff and the drainage have been measured during many years (1989 to 1991, April to December). The application on two fields (1.84 et 4.63 ha) has shown a good concordance between the calculated and measured results, as well for the magnitude of the fluxes than for the relative importance of these fluxes. Moreover, this application has shown that the variability of the measured values is higher than the calculated ones, attesting of the great influence of the variations in climatic, soil, crop and management conditions on the water budget. However, the good evaluation of the fluxes (for relative and absolute values) confirms the reliability of the proposed approach and of the simplification.
Keywords: Flux, bilan en eau, gestion, modélisation, logiciel, Flux, water budget, management, modeling, software, AgriFlux
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493.More information
This study aims at validating a French version of scales designed to measure students' perceptions of supportive climate in mathematics in grade 11 (16 years old). Based on Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000a, 2000b), and more precisely on the fulfillment of the three psychological basic needs, the scales focus one of the three basic dimensions of Klieme et al.'s model of instructional quality (Klieme et al., 2006). Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the four scales present good psychometric properties. The current study also investigates gender differences in students' perceptions of supportive climate in mathematics. If no gender differences are found for three scales, results show that girls perceive more significantly teacher social and academic support than boys, even under control of their socioeconomic status and their math abilities.
Keywords: climat de soutien, mathématiques, perceptions par les élèves, genre, validation d'échelles, supportive climate, mathematics, students' perceptions, gender, scales validation, clima de apoio, matemática, perceções dos estudantes, género, validação de escalas
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494.More information
For the past few years, the 4D digital model has served as a new research, communication, and dissemination tool for historians whose work involves a component related to built heritage. This type of model takes into consideration the temporal dimension of the built environment, i.e. how the morphology of a place evolves over time. It also allows for a multiplicity of hypotheses in reconstituting the built environment and for the linking of spatial information and documentary sources. The 4D model can be accessed via an interactive digital environment. We are interested in learning how humans respond to such computer systems. We will attempt to determine the extent to which the 4D model could help improve communication between historians and learners as well as among historians within a research group. Furthermore, we will consider how to optimize communication between historians and computer developers so that the history researcher is able to make more effective use of digital technologies. We conclude by presenting a case study of a 4D digital environment in order to examine these various types of communication.
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495.More information
This contribution is part of the context of a “Laboratoire Commun” (LabCom) supported by a research team in the humanities and social sciences and a socio-economic player in the Toulouse region. The aim of this partnership was to make the world of academic research come closer to business. Thus, this LabCom allowed the collaboration of a small enterprise, organizer of congress and a multidisciplinary research team. We are interested in this paper to develop program-training evaluation as it develops in a context of collaborative research. Thus, part of the results of the evaluation of an experimental training program, developed within this congress of interventional cardiology, will be presented.
Keywords: évaluation de dispositif, recherche-intervention, collaboration, program evaluation, intervention-research
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496.More information
The research for this article aimed to study spontaneous mutual aid behaviours among learners engaged in an e-learning system. In particular, it examined whether the feeling of belonging to a group exerted an influence on these aid behaviours. The other objective, linked to the previous one, was to verify whether such behaviours had an influence on students' degree of self-determination to training. The results of this research revealed that, for these students, the feeling of belonging to a group constitutes a motivational lever to develop supportive behaviours mainly based on altruism and comfort. These behaviours constitute, in turn, motivational support to continue in training.
Keywords: Apprentissage en ligne, entraide, sentiment d'appartenance à un groupe, autodétermination de la motivation, présence socioaffective, E-learning, mutual aid, feeling of belonging to a group, self-determination of motivation, socioaffective presence
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497.More information
This article offers a new perspective to understand the dynamic of managerial groups. It compares the impact of the evolution of working conditions and employment on its two main professional sectors, seeking to capture the relationship at play. These managers work in either “integrated trade groups” or “independent groups.” Depending on their workplace, the legal structure plays a significant role in employees' working conditions and employment. This is especially common since the 2010s, when integrated trade groups, facing growing economic strife, were prompted to reorganize their departments and managerial positions. For independent groups that tend to absorb their competitors' market shares, the situation is completely different—manager positions have barely evolved since the 2000s. This inevitably raises questions about the evolution of the relationship between these two actors.
Keywords: travail, emploi, managers de rayon, organisation du travail, segments professionnels, Work, employment, superstore managers, organization of work, professional sectors, Trabajo, empleo, jefes de sección, organización del trabajo, segmentos profesionales
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498.More information
In this article, we present a co-created project resulting from an action-research (MultiNumeric) : the enhancement of a printed novel with augmented reality in secondary's French class. This project aimed to develop the student's skills in French, digital literacy and multimodal literacy. This article, a practical documentation, is presented according to the guiding principles of co-creation, the 4Ps approach: portrait of the environment, the co-creation process, the critical description of the co-created project and the student's productions. Finally, we present a reflexive analysis of the entire co-creation process.
Keywords: didactique de la littérature, littératie numérique, réalité augmentée, cocréation, literature instruction, digital literacy, augmented reality, co-creation
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499.More information
An important stimulus in the development of copyright law has been the goal of balancing the sensitive relationship between authors and the general public in light of the interests of each. If the public wishes to benefit from the cultural advantages inherent in an author's work, one must also recognize the author's right to enjoy exclusive use of his or her work for commercial purposes. However, the concept of copyright exhaustion was created with the intent of limiting copyright exclusivity. How can one balance intellectual rights with the rights of the public while preserving the principles of economic liberalism? The goal of this article is to provide an answer to this question.
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500.More information
This article summarises the papers presented at the “Digital Libraries at the Crossroads of Disciplines and Institutions” symposium, held during the ACFAS conference, from May 8-10 2013. The organisers of the symposium summarize the concerns and issues raised by the speakers during their presentations.