Documents found
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501.More information
Keywords: méthodologie de la recherche, épistémologie, journal de bord, décentration, posture de recherche
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502.More information
This article presents an exploratory analysis based on an experiment conducted in three classes of preschool in French-speaking Switzerland. During free play sessions, the children had access to unplugged digital materials. Three pretend play scenarios are examined in detail. The integration of these materials allowed, on the one hand, the modernization of classic scenarios in the context of the 21st century and, on the other hand, an accentuated globalization of traditional scenarios. In addition, new spaces have been created, guided by children's imagination, an evolution made possible by the influence of new technologies.
Keywords: éducation préscolaire, littératie multimodale, jeu convergent, artefacts numériques débranchés, recherche développement, preschool education, multimodal literacy, convergent play, unplugged digital artifacts, research development
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503.More information
Automation in Soviet Industry, 1970-1983: an Assessment of the Present State of Robot Technology. With the outset of the next five-year plan, there should be a significant development in the use of robot technology in Soviet industry. Hovewer, this could be more illusory than real, a play on the definition of the word robot, which is a literary rather than a technological concept. Indeed, the Soviets have an ideological stake in the idea, representing as it does growth through technical and economic progress and the struggle against falling labor productivity. The fact that they have fallen behind in the mastery of advanced technologies, essentially electronics and automation, has forced them to resort to a production strategy which differs from that adopted in the USA. They are producing modular single-purpose robots, whereas the trend in America is towards sophisticated multi-purpose models. Thus, outside of showcase prototypes, the image of Soviet industrial robot technology that emerges is one of mass-production of machines of a rudimentary type.
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504.More information
AbstractThe present study examines the signs of ageing as well as sporting practices and the risks they present for retired persons. To study this relationship, we selected persons above sixty years of age, both involved and not involved in sports. A questionnaire was distributed and 40 interviews carried out. We examined risk at both the physical and socio-emotional levels. Although the majority of persons of 60 years of age who are involved in sports feel that they are taking a risk, they are not prepared to cease this activity. For those not involved in sports, taking up this activity would be an additional risk. Even though the signs of ageing and risk-taking differ between the sexes, these differences are even greater between those involved in sports (both veterans and novices) and those not involved atall.
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506.
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507.More information
AbstractThis article presents a discussion of interactivity from three very different viewpoints. In the first section, the author re-examines the definition of interactivity as it is related to simulation and considering human characteristics. A second section presents educational issues related to interactivity and attempts to show both why and how to promote a central objective which facilitates "becoming an author". The third section describes interactive narrative which reveals that through questions about narrative sequences, aspects of temporality, presence of the reader or the program in the relationship between author-reader, that "fictional theories" about life are always present in the background.
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508.More information
Reinert Max - "Lexical worlds" and their "logic" through the statistical study of a body of nightmare narratives.The French school of data analysis, strongly influenced during the seventies by the work of J.P. Benzécri, owes much to his interest in language data. The development of desk-top publishing and the spreading of texts thanks to computers have revitalized this line of research by what is usually called the "statistical analysis of textual data" (Lebart, Salem, 1988). In this article, the author presents his work and questions in the field : the Alceste method and the notion of lexical worlds (which are central to the proposed strategy). The presentation is backed up by a specific application: the analysis of a body of 212 accounts of nightmares.
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509.More information
ContextThe St-Lawrence Center, part of Environment Canada, undertook a few years ago the very ambitious project of studying the toxic contamination of the St-Lawrence River. In collaboration with the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Eau, a sub-project based on numerical modeling was defined in order to analyze contaminant propagation from industrial and municipal effluents into the river system.GoalsThe specific goals of the project were the following :1) to provide a precise quantification of contaminant concentrations in the effluent plume al a convenient scale;2) to analyze areas influenced by main tributaries and different water masses entering the river reach;3) to map and quantify areas as compared to water quality criteria ;4) to provide a method to select relevant hydrological events as a significant part of the analysis frameworkMethodologySome basic choices were made at the beginning of the project :1) the analysis framework emphasis the instream water quality instead of the effluent water quality;2) numerical modelling was the main tool used to evaluate the water quality;3) as far as possible references to public regulations were incorporated;4) a strong complementarity of different computer tools was favoured : Geographical Information Systems, Database management systems, simulation models;5) the numerical solution method for the transport diffusion model is typically Lagrangian : the Random Walk Method;6) the contamination analysis uses the so-called « Weighted Unusable Area » method to quantify areas that do not respect some water quality criteria.A typical contamination analysis project based on numerical modelling includes the following steps (fig 2) :1) a preliminary study to determine the main characteristics of the problem and to choose the best strategy to analyze it;2) field measurements essential to the calibration and validation of the computer model;3) hydrodynamic modelling provides the basic data on the flow field; this step includes the calibration and the validation of the model, as well as the prediction of the flow fields corresponding to well-defined and contamination relevant hydrological events;4) hydrological analysis identifies the relevant flow events chat will further be used in the mode) prediction ; this approach allows standardization of this very important input data set and avoids arbitrary choices of flow field;5) transport-diffusion modelling constitutes the main step; it provides the chemical species concentrations downstream from the effluent discharge and affords an estimate of the overall water quality of the reach, as influenced by the main tributaries. This step includes the calibration and the validation of the model which precedes the prediction exercise;6) contamination analysis necessitates the choice of appropriate and relevant water quality criteria ; we propose a new approach, inspired by the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology often used to define the quality and availability of fish habitat in river reaches, to implement this step.Numerical methodsAs previously mentioned, the project included the development of a Lagrangian model to simulate the transport of solutes in a two-dimensional steady-state river flow. We will emphasize this point. The main objective of the software development was to provide an efficient and user-friendly management tool for the public agencies. Many analytical test cases helped in the choice of the best numerical algorithms, non-physical related parameters, and in the validation of the computer code. Furthermore, the results of two dye tracing experiments performed in conjunction with airborne remote sensing techniques provided data to validate the model on the St-Lawrence River (fig. 5, 6, land 8 illustrate different simulation results corresponding to the different tasks mentioned previously). In the next paragraphs, we will summerize the basic mathematical and numerical concepts implemented in the simulations.To simulate solute transport in water media (porous or free surface), one usually uses eulerian methods which lead directly to concentration values. The solution algorithm presented here is rather based on a Lagrangian method which offers an explicit control over the additional numerical diffusion associated with every discretization method. This approach, also called the Random Walk Method (illustrated in fig. 3), or Particle Tracking Method, is more and more often used to solve hyperbolic equations. So far, the literature does not provide many applications of this method to solute transport in free surface flow. Oil spin modeling is a domain where many applications have been reported.The propagation of solute matter in free surface flow is mathematically described with momentum, mass and solute conservation equations. Since the Random Walk solution method of the transport-diffusion equation (equ. 1) requires hydrodynamic data to calculate the mean transport on streamlines along with dispersion, independent simulations providing the necessary flow field data (velocities, diffusivities, depths) have to be performed before undertaking the transport-diffusion tasks. For this purpose, the Navier-Stokes shallow water equations have become a well known tool to represent flow field in shallow waters. However, one should be aware of some often neglected but important aspects of such models, such as moving boundaries and turbulence closure. Solution techniquesTwo main goals were kept in mind during the implementation of the various algorithms : precision of results and fast computation. The following choices were made to achieve these objectives :1) A finite element discretization and solution method provides and carries hydrodynamic Information, but particles are tracked on a finite-difference grid (mixed discretization principle).2) The convective component of the movement is realized by moving the grid instead of the particles (shifted grid principle).3) Computation of concentrations optimizes smoothing while minimizing artificial diffusion (controlled effusive smoothing principle).4) When a section of the plume is described in a steady state « regime », it is mot necessary to continue the simulation on that section to proceed downstream ; the simulation is divided in almost independent sections (convolution principle).5) The particles have an a priori nondimensional weight and a unit concentration is calculated from these (unit plume principle).6) The real concentration is linearly dependent on the pollutant loads introduced into the milieu (linearity principle).The Weighted Unusable Area MethodThe Weighted Unusable Area method provides a convenient means to compare effluent plume water quality to water quality criteria as well as to quantify areas that do not comply to them. A comparable method is widely used to define the quality and availability of fish habitat downstream from regulation reservoirs, with the purpose of establishing minimum guaranteed flow discharge to protect target species (the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology : IFIM). The method consists essentially of computing areas within the analysis domain weighted by a certain factor that represents the exceedence of certain water quality, criteria. Among different options to define the weighting factor, all incorporating the effective contaminant concentration, we defined the following :1) the ratio of the concentration to the water quality criterion without consideration of exceedence or compliance;2) weighting factor equal to 1 only if the concentration exceeds the criterion (non-compliance);3) option #1, but using the concentration results corresponding only to the effluent plumes excluding the ambient water quality of the reach ; this emphasizes individual corporate responsibility (proposed for implementation);4) option 11, but with the ratio increased by a power « n », a procedure that emphasizes the non-linear increase of toxicity related to the exceedence of the criterion (could be useful for academic purposes).We also propose a Global Weighted Unusable Area concept to combine all the different chemical species present in an effluent plume. The combination is made possible using the specific criterion corresponding to each species. This procedure leads to a new state variable that represents Contamination Standard Units.
Keywords: Qualité de l'eau, modèle hydrodynamique, contamination industrielle, analyse spatiale, modélisation numérique, marche au hasard, aires pondérées inutilisables (API), fleuve Saint-Laurent, lac Saint-Pierre, Water quality, hydrodynamic model, industrial contamination, spatial analysis, numerical modelling, Random Walk Method, Weighted Unusable Area, Saint Lawrence River, Lake Saint-Pierre
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510.More information
In initial teacher training, the studies on reflexive practice are often considered on the future teacher point of view. Nevertheless, the action of a supervisor is very important during an activity of retroaction. In one of the core activities, the know-how, ten interviews are analyzed to determine the differences between the practice of two supervisors and their impact in terms of reflective practice of the future teachers.
Keywords: Superviseur, rétroaction, réflexivité, futurs enseignants, Supervisor, retroaction, reflexivity, future teachers