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631.More information
Was the multimedia risk taken by States and major operators and manufacturers alike a rash decision? Although the conquest of markets will doubtlessly be a lengthy process, the first realistic and viable projects are already available and warrant close attention. The authors analyse the UBI projects of Videotron in Quebec, the Sirius project of Bell- Canada and the inforoute of the Centre de Québec and the Internet. They note that the notion of information highways in a fluid one, its definition depending essentially on the jurisdiction, competence and skills of the promoter.
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633.More information
The cross-fertilization functions of translation have never been higher than today, in the digital age. How can we use Information and Communication Technologies for the translation of cultural texts (Humanities, Social Sciences)? In this article, we underline the topological potential of digital collaborative translation, and in particular of the TraduXio project (collaborative digital environment for precise translation), by insisting on its genuine vocation for cultural translocalization. Among the major issues at stake in the internet era of multlingualism and free culture, one could underline the constitution of transnational communities, the promotion of new commons and the valorization of the translators' work.
Keywords: traduction multilingue, traduction littéraire, collaboration, précision, translocalisation, multilingual translation, literary translation, collaboration, precision, translocalization
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634.More information
Studies were performed to follow the changes in water quality along a distribution system. The distribution system under study is divided into two parts: main pipes starting from the plant (from 2 700 mm to 900 mm diameter) feeding a small pipes sector (200 mm and 300 mm diameter). Residence times range from 0 to 13.6 hours in main pipes and from 13.6 h to 18.4 h in small pipes. All pipes are made of steel or ductile iron and their interior is lined with concrete; there is therefore little corrosion. Since the raw water is of such high quality, the treatment plant is very simple: a direct filtration on sand followed by ozonation and chlorine disinfection. Samples were taken on 14 occasions, during a full year period, in the distribution system and in the treatment plant after chlorination. These last samples were incubated in clean flasks at the network temperature. Measurements of temperature, pH, disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes, aldehydes, haloacetonitriles, haloacetones and chloropicrine), total organic carbon (TOC), biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and number of bacteria (heterotrophic plate count and total direct count by epifluorescence) were completed.The distribution network seems to have very little effect on chlorine demand and disinfection by-products. Results from water incubated in flasks are similar to those from distribution network. After more than 18 hours contact time, the chlorine residual is still higher than 0.2 mg/l in most of the samples taken in the distribution network and in the flask. It should be noted that the initial chlorine concentrations range from 0.65 mg/l (cold water) to 1.00 mg/l (warm water). Chlorine demand and trihalomethane (THM) curves are typical, a rapid increase with time followed by a relatively stable level. THM concentrations in the distribution network are low: a typical value of 14 µg/l after 13.6 hours contact time is detected. The maximum concentration of 43 µg/l of total THM was measured in a dead end. In this latter sample, 42 % of the THM was present as bromodichloromethane and 39 % as chloroform. Other by-products such as haloacetonitrile, haloacetone and chloropicrine were always detected in very small concentrations.Aldehyde concentrations in treated water were low, between 21 and 42 µg/l. These concentrations were stable throughout the distribution system. Fixed and free biomass seems to have very little effect on these biodegradable compounds. These results were confirmed by BDOC results. BDOC in treated water ranges from 0.2 to 0.45 mg/l and remains stable in the distribution system. These low BDOC concentrations and the chlorine residual of approximately 0.2 mg/l seem to be sufficient to prevent regrowth in the distribution system. Total direct counts by epifluorescence showed almost no increase of bacterial density except for the July 11th sample. This is the only day where the free chlorine residual dropped below 0.2 mg/l, with values of free chlorine residual dropping as low as 0.16 mg/l.
Keywords: Réseau de distribution, sous produits d'oxydation, trihalométhane, aldéhyde, recroissance bactérienne, carbone organique biodégradable, Distribution system, oxidation by-products, trihalomethane, aldehyde, regrowth, biodegradable organic carbon
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635.More information
THE VOCABULARY OF ARMS, MILITARY PHRASING, STRATEGIC LANGUAGES To practice the art of war is to speak a strategic language in which words are the potentials of states. The recent history of languages of war, i.e. the nuclear language of the cold war and the electronic discourse of the present day, shows that the strategic paradigms aim to develop new forms of war and domination.
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640.More information
ENG : expert system! natural hazard! avalanche.