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651.More information
What was the opinion of French e-learning professionals on MOOCs when they first started to develop in France? What were their first representations? How did these emerge and evolve? This research paper will attempt to answer these questions with the results of a survey of around one hundred of these professionals working all around France. This survey was carried out at the very beginning of MOOCs in France, i.e. from January 30 to February 20, 2014. This period approximately covers the end of the second season of ITyPA and the first month of the launching of FUN.
Keywords: MOOC, EAD, FOAD, FAD, enseignement à distance, apprentissage en ligne, apprentissages collaboratifs, connectivisme, appropriations sociales et professionnelles d'une innovation, MOOC, e-learning, CLCS, distance learning, ODL, open distance learning, collaborative learning, connectivism, social and professional ownership of an innovation
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653.More information
This article discusses artificial intelligence devices derived from deep learning and generative algorithms, which activate the powers of the false in the deceptive arts and in today's sociodigital ecosystem. The synthetic media under study—conversational agents such as GPT and deepfakes—refer to how artificial intelligence deploys statistical methods for the production, manipulation, and modification of data. These generative technologies mobilize algorithms to generate and alter data sets automatically. In the aesthetic field of cultural creation and mediation, generative technologies give rise to unprecedented imaginaries and original approaches that create remarkable devices of illusion. After briefly discussing a uchronia of ancient Rome produced by GP3, we analyze how the Salvador Dalí museum produces a simulation of the artist through deep fakes and a conversational agent. This last example of digital resurrection leads us to the anthropological foundations of the image, which has grappled with mortality through the creation of doubles via the mediation effects generated, since the nineteenth century, by technical media based on electricity and, today, by algorithmic processes and generative methods that rejuvenate or resurrect film actors. We conclude with a discussion of the forms of deception that call into question the regimes of truth in today's informational ecosystem.
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654.More information
Ce mémoire explore la « convivialité » dans le contexte des logiciels libres, en considérant la manière dont la technologie, autrefois plus exigeante, est devenue plus facile à apprendre et à utiliser. Le sens même du terme « convivialité » a subi une transition similaire depuis la conceptualisation qu’en a faite Ivan Illich en 1973 : référant alors à l’ouverture d’une technologie qui favorise des pratiques communautaires de « bricolage » et un effort d’autonomie, elle est devenue, en informatique, synonyme de facilité, de compréhension superficielle et de marchandisation de la technologie (« user-friendliness »). Certaines études considèrent les logiciels libres — qui permettent notamment la « liberté » de les modifier et de les partager — comme des « exemples paradigmatiques » d’outils conviviaux …
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655.More information
The Babagulu forest region here concerns the Babagulu Forest Reserve (BFR) and its periphery. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the forest region of Babagulu is under anthropogenic pressure, notably due to its proximity to the city of Kisangani. These anthropic pressures remain little documented and their impacts on this forest landscape remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to regularly monitor the anthropization of the landscape of the RFB. The methodological approach adopted is based on techniques of remote sensing, cartography and landscape ecology. The Landsat TM (1984, 1986, 1990, 1994 and 2010), ETM + (2001 and 2005) and OLI (2015 and 2018) satellite images, all of 30m spatial resolution, were used to map the land cover in three classes (primary forest, fallow land/degraded forest and rural complex). The calculation of ten spatial indices made it possible to characterize the composition and configuration of the landscape between 1984 and 2018. These spatial indices include the number of spots, the average spot size, the perimeter density, the aggregation index, largest fragment index, landscape shape index, mean Euclidean distance to nearest neighbor and fractal dimension, variation and absolute, fractal dimension and contagion index. The results show a significant regression of the primary forest for the benefit of the anthropic classes (rural complexes and fallow land and degraded forests) outside (R²= 0.98; p <0.01) than inside (R²= 0.99; p <0.01) of the reserve. The landscape structure becomes more complex over the years. It should also be noted that there is a gradual fragmentation of primary forests highlighted by the continuous increase in the number (+310) and the density of patch perimeters (+14 m/ha) and the impressive decrease in their average area (-223 ha). Also, the average distance separating two neighboring spots increased from 119.30 meters in 1984 to 123.57 meters in 2018 (a difference of 4.27 meters) signaling an increased isolation of the spots. These results show the need for effective management of land use outside the reserve in order to preserve the biodiversity found there.
Keywords: Babagulu, déforestation, fragmentation, Landsat, occupation du sol, Babagulu, deforestation, fragmentation, Landsat, land use
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656.More information
AbstractThis article verifies three epistemological hypotheses. The first proposes that human sciences, when studying a specific research topic, almost by necessity, take on an interdisciplinary approach. The second believes that, when scrutinizing a particular subject, human science papers tend to gravitate among a limited number of semantic categories. The third hypothesis suggests that both analytical and ethical standpoints are strongly associated. To verify these hypotheses, this paper analyses thousands of article abstracts published in pear reviewed journals pertaining to international organizations. All three hypotheses are confirmed.
Keywords: Organismes internationaux, complexité, pluridisciplinarité, interdisciplinarité, analyse de données textuelles, Intergovernmental organizations, complexity, pluridisciplinary, interdisciplinary, qualitative data analysis
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658.More information
French banks are technically efficient: an application of DEAIn this paper, we first address the issue of the nature of inputs and outputs when banking activity is considered. We suggest to use a decision rule using the sign of the derivatives of the profit with respect to its arguments. We, then, turn to an empirical analysis of 38 French banks during years 1994-97. Using Data Envelopment Analysis together with our new classification leads to the following results: (i) our estimates of technical efficiency appear to be far above and, consequently, more realistic than former scores and (ii) inefficiency is not a good explanation for the low profitability of French banks.
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Internet Economies: Why Do Social Interactions Matter ? The interplay between the digital economy and social interactions is a key issue for researchers in the economics of the Internet. The aim of this paper is to understand how social interactions affect the dynamics of Internet adoption and usage. Social interactions also play a key role in the new digital business models. Network externalities as well as virtual word of mouth or recommendations and feedback foster trust and increase both individual and collective demand.
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660.More information
The introduction of the European catfish (Silurus glanis) in French rivers is frequently covered by the media. In these articles, one of the main issues is the undesirable aspect of this species : it would be invasive and would disrupt the balance of aquatic ecosystems. However, the first scientific research on the issue (Valadou., 2007 ; Proteau et al., 2008) tends to dispute these statements. Since then, the catfish finds itself at the center of controversies. To explore the content of these debates, we analyzed the media coverage of catfish in national and local newspapers from 2003 to 2015. By applying lexical data mining, we identified different lexical unities, revealing debates surrounding catfish. Then, through a qualitative exploration of the texts, we listed the different ways to designate catfish and its impact on aquatic environments. We show that negative representations continued to be covered by media stories. Indeed, although we can observe an evolution of journalistic discourse, debate continues over the entire period. Despite the empirical findings of science, some stakeholders continue to accuse the amount of catfish of ecological disorders. This focus on invasive species shows how judgement is mainly based on the alien character of the species.
Keywords: silure glane, espèce envahissante, médiatisation, controverse, écologie, analyse lexicale, catfish, invasive species, media coverage, controversy, ecology, lexical analysis