Documents found
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891.More information
Minting Techniques in Currencies and Cryptocurrencies.Over the past ten years, the creation of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies has renewed the debate on the nature of money. This paper discusses the comparison between cryptocurrencies and coins : after describing their ideological and technical foundations, we explain the reasons why the reference to metals is often invoked. We then detail the techniques of minting, the processes of marking, and the question of seigniorage.
Keywords: Bitcoin, Metallism, Seignoriage, Minting, Coinage, Cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin, Espèces, Monnayage, Seigneuriage, Métallisme, Cryptomonnaies
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892.More information
In the context of the continuons increase in the number of museum sites on the Web, the description of four types of services (collections and exhibitions on line, e-mail, discussion forums and game sites) enables to analyse the characteristic features of interactiviy on seven museum Web sites offered by the Culture Ministry. One may observe that by now the museum professionnals have acquired some mastery of the interactive technologies available, thus opening new channels for diversified hypermadia publishing. No specific interactivity is to befound, nevertheless all forms of knowledge linked to museal contents are spreading on the net, developing gradually various tools of dialogue between muséums and their visitors.
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894.More information
The complexity of the protohistoric site of Mez-notariou on Ushant, the duration of the excavation and the fact that it is on an island lead to the setting up of specially adapted and evolutive excavating strategy. A System is developed and continually modified. Appropriated, and often new, techniques of excavating, and of analysing the remains are refined : systematic overhead photography used for the ground plan and for plotting the contour lines, stereoscopic photography and research into methods of surveying in three dimensions, and the used of compressed air. These methods are analyse from the point of view of generalized application, and a review of the implications for the organisation of excavation sites is carried out.
Keywords: methodology, Problematic, technique, vertical photography, three-dimentional photography, planimetry, contours lines, compressed air, photographie verticale, stéréophotographie, planimétrie, courbes de niveaux, air comprimé, Problématique, méthodologie, technique
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895.More information
It is fruitful to explore the increasing rejection of technological innovations in food by consumers in countries like France in light of concepts of risk perception and food culture. This article deals with the influence of social and cultural norms in the formation of representations associated with genetically modified food (GMO) and related risks. French consumers believe that this technology affects the sociability, taste and the authenticity of food. The article concludes with some recommendations for practitioners seeking to integrate consumer concerns early in the innovation process and to improve the acceptance of new food technologies.
Keywords: OGM, alimentation, normes sociales et culturelles, représentations, risque, GMO, food, social and cultural norms, representations, risk, alimentos transgénicos, alimentación, normas sociales y culturales, representaciones, riesgo
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896.More information
This article analyses the vulnerability of coastal communities facing coastal flooding hazard, in the region Pays de la Loire (France). This work is related to studies lead after storm Xynthia, 28 February 2010 (Mercier et Acerra, 2011; Przyluski et Hallegattes, 2012; CETE de l'Ouest, 2012a), which submerged many low reliefs(under the altitude of 4,50 m NGF). Xynthia caused considerable damages on habitations and the death of 41 people in Charente-Maritime and Vendée. This article aims to identify, among 120 municipalities in Loire-Atlantique and Vendée, the most vulnerable to coastal flooding hazard. The study intends to understand what make these municipalities potentially vulnerable using a statistical analysis: multiple correspondance analysis (MCA). A typology of municipalities is built according to criteria of vulnerability, such as topography, human and real estate stakes, coastal flooding archives, elements of natural hazards management. Cartographic results show that topographical and historical factors are key elements to determine vulnerable municipalities to coastal flooding hazard.
Keywords: vulnérabilité, submersion marine, tempête Xynthia, urbanisation, littoral, analyse des correspondances multiples, Loire-Atlantique, Vendée, France, vulnerability, coastal, flooding hazard, storm Xynthia, coastline, urbanization, multiple correspondence analysis, Loire-Atlantique, Vendée, France
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897.More information
Restraints and seclusions (R&S) in youth residential treatment centers (RTCs) are used regularly even though their use is controversial. Although R&S are meant to be used within a legal framework, their application in the day-to-day operations can be influenced by the caregiver's stress and fatigue. Considering the physical and psychological iatrogenic effects of R&S for both youth and educators, it is highly relevant to widen the current knowledge on the matter. Our objective was to examine, via a prospective longitudinal design, the associative links between the level of perceived stress, acute fatigue, chronic fatigue and intershift recovery on the use of R&S in youth RTCs. Our sample of 155 educators working in RTCs completed eight weekly diaries and cross-lagged analyses were conducted. None of the hypothesis were confirmed. However, results showed that the educator's stress was negatively associated with R&S at a later time. Moreover, the use of R&S was positively associated with acute fatigue, negatively with recovery and positively with a subsequent use of R&S.
Keywords: contention et isolement, éducateurs, centre de réadaptation, stress, fatigue, Restraint, seclusion, residential treatment center, educators, stress, fatigue
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898.More information
Within the framework of a research aiming at measuring the impact of the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in scientific higher education, we carried out a study with 108 students (40 men and 68 women) coming from various establishments of scientific higher education. The objective of this study is double. It will allow on the one hand, to determine the perceptions of these students towards the use of the ICT during the session of course and practical works (PW); in addition, to identify the most appreciable teaching mode (traditional, integrating the ICT or hybrid) for a better learning of sciences within the university. The results of our investigation show that the integration of ICT in scientific courses and PW is beneficial for the majority of the students and can improve the quality of their learning. However, to help the students in difficulty and to bring more effectiveness during the sessions of teaching, these tools should be used in appropriate techno teaching situations where other teaching materials are also exploited.
Keywords: TIC, cours, travaux pratiques, enseignement supérieur scientifique, ICT, courses, pratical works (PW), scientific higher education
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899.More information
The growing range of risks and crises of the 21st century constitutes a real challenge for territories. The focus today is on the resilience capacities to be developed. These capacities oscillate in the literature between individual, organisational and territorial dimensions, without any real integrated approach linking them. This research studies the conceptual and practical articulation between territorial resilience and public finance. It explores the resilience strategies of 8 European cities and the way they articulate their strategic thinking on territorial and financial resilience. Despite non-homogeneous practices, our results reveal a relatively small articulation.
Keywords: résilience territoriale et financière, gestion des risques/crises, finances publiques, développement durable, collectivités territoriales, territorial and financial resilience, risk/crisis management, public finance, sustainable development, local governments, resiliencia territorial y financiera, gestión de riesgos/crisis, finanzas públicas, desarrollo sostenible, autoridades locales
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900.More information
Several areas of research in psychoeducation, developmental psychology, and sociology are aimed at examining individual and group changes in the population. For example, they seek to identify typical pathways during specific developmental periods, such as delinquency in adolescence and the school to work transition in early adulthood, in order to understand those that appear maladaptive or optimal. The purpose of this paper is to present an algorithmic approach for tracing such pathways as sequences based on categorical/nominal variables, like statuses (e.g., occupational, marital), states (e.g., health), or behaviors (e.g., drinking habits). This approach, named sequence analysis, is widely used by European researchers, but remains little known in North America. This article presents the foundations and application of this analytical approach, describing each step of the analysis using a fictitious example drawn from data banks on the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The article concludes with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of sequence analysis in the social sciences. The script used to perform the analyses in this article is also provided online for readers interested in this analytical technique.
Keywords: analyse de séquences, appariement optimal, trajectoires et parcours longitudinaux, approche algorithmique, sequence analysis, optimal matching, longitudinal pathways and trajectories, algorithmic approach