Documents found
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901.More information
In 2018, La Presse Canadienne (the French-language counterpart of The Canadian Press) developed Ultrad, a machine translation (MT) system. Ultrad is one of the few MT systems used daily by journalists in Canada. All Ultrad English to French translations are reviewed before being published in the target language. Our article focuses on the evaluation of the translations provided by the tool and post-editing by the news agency's journalists. To conduct this work, we examined a sample of 148 English-language articles with both machine-translated and post-edited versions in French. The evaluation of the translations, on the one hand, and the comparison of the machine-translated and post-edited texts, on the other, relied on different methods of analysis: comparison between word frequencies, paragraph alignment and their sub-segmentation into graphic sentences for each of the two groups of bitexts (English with the raw translation and English with the revised post-edited translation) and the information volumes of the pairs of segments; the three-dimensional Euclidean distance (ED) between the source and the target segments; and the linguistic correction provided by the Antidote linguistic correction software on the entirety of the post-edited articles. Our study is one of the few that has examined the use of MT by journalists. It highlights the shortcomings of MT and the importance of human interventions in post-editing, even if these interventions can be error-prone.
Keywords: traduction automatique, post-édition, journalisme, La Presse Canadienne, erreurs de traduction, machine translation, post-editing, journalism, The Canadian Press, translation errors
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902.
Littératie et capital vidéoludique : approche systématique et textométrique d'un domaine hétéroclite
More informationThis article offers an overview of how the concept “gaming capital” has been mobilized in the anglophone literature, through a series of textometric analyses. Although it quickly appears that this notion shares many similarities with the concept of “literacy”, both of these notions also have many diverging points which merit further scientific consideration. In this contribution, we therefore collect in a systematic way studies referring to gaming capital and to the work of Mia Consalvo, which offered the first operating definition of gaming capital. Through keywords and correspondence analyses, we then identify five key thematic ensembles, namely 1) capital parameters, 2) learning and understanding, 3) community studies, 4) identity and empowerment, and 5) instruments and signs of capital. In doing so, this study highlights the evolution of the concept of literacy, which has surpassed educational issues. By identifying these five ensembles, it also shows its proximity with the notion of gaming capital and thus potential areas of interest for game literacy, where further research could benefit critical media education, or the research field as a whole.
Keywords: littératie, capital ludique, multimodalité, sciences du jeu, textométrie, literacy, gaming capital, multimodality, game studies, textometry
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903.More information
Addressing fundamental questions like « how do thinking and learning happen, » psychology normally takes a person-solo view. The agent that thinks and learns is not a group but an individual, and physical supports like pencils, notebooks, and computers are a secondary part of the analysis at best. A different, more accurate, and in some ways more powerful theoretical perspective treats the agent that thinks and learns as the « person-plus » - person plus physical and social surround. In realistic circumstances of cognition, important knowledge, key representations, cognitive workspaces, and more are commonly held not just in the mind but in considerable part in the physical environment. Also, they are often shared among several people, none individually having all the resources. Even decisions about what to do next - what might be called the executive function - remarkably often are ceded to the surround : Physical objects like written instructions or other humans like a mentor provide direction. A person-plus view offers implications for understanding and improving settings of teaching and learning, as well as for building better theories of learning and human development.
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904.More information
Adult education is constantly exploring new pathways toward professionalization, with research-based training being one of the most innovative and promising avenues. The objective of our study is to consider the formative modalities of collaborative research and thus to challenge the relationship to knowledge (in the sense that people in training can themselves be producers of this professional knowledge) and to open up a possible path toward the institutionalization of the outcomes of collective reflections.
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905.
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906.More information
Action research published in the SME context is not frequent, even if it could be beneficial for SME to develop actionable and relevant knowledge. The paper presents an action research process for the development of a diagnostic tool on environmental scanning practices of SME. The research is articulated around the environmental scanning theme defined as an informational process by which an organization stays attuned to its environment in order to make decisions and then act in pursuit ot its objectives. The methodology used is an action research and more specifically proto-typing of an expert system. The purpose of the research is to help managers improve their awareness of environmental scanning practices and contribute to increased use of these practices. To reach that objective, a diagnostic tool of environmental scanning practices of SME is developed. The diagnosis structure looks at five main components : scanning types, scanning context, scanning organization, scanning process, and information security. Those components are divided to obtain a grand total of 30 components. During the prototype development, 6 medium Canadian firms and 33 experts are involved during three iterative processes to obtain the last version of the prototype. Six SME were subject of case studies.
Keywords: Recherche-action, Veille stratégique, Outils de gestion, Performance, Système expert
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907.More information
Summary - Essay of Critical Reading around Industrial Innovation in Japan, Presentation of Chosen Texts The objective of this article is to invite the reader to reflect upon a certain number of questions concerning the most common views western economists have regarding Japan and its industry. Interested in the technological innovation of Japanese enterprises, I was surprised as I read a bibliography on this subject by the reoccurrence of the same leitmotif. We often find the assertion that Japanese enterprises have based their strategies on imitation, something which is implicitly presented as dishonest and slightly dishonorable, and moreover that the Japanese by nature are deprived of any creative sense. In this text, I propose that the reader explore this question to find out why such talk has been made regarding Japanese industry. I advocate the idea that from such prejudice — even if these texts have the sound appearance (mathematical) of being scientific — we cloud our own vision and fundamentally prevent ourselves from understanding the functioning of the Japanese economy. On the contrary, the endeavoring to grasp Japan's economic phenomena according to their singularity, i.e., without trying to take mem too systematically into account using existing categories, we achieve greater intelligibility in two areas. On the hand, we more easily understand the particularities of Japanese innovation and its coherence, and on the other we are better able to grasp the relativity of the categories of western thought and its closeness to the industrial practices observed in the other countries.
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908.More information
ABSTRACTWe consider the possibilities of using energy flows optimization models into integrated systems including econometric demand models, optimization models or simulation models. This question is conducted using models such as MARKAL and EFOM as examples.
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909.More information
AbstractWomen with acute social maladjustment problems related to substance abuse were interviewed, five to eight years after a reference treatment. During these meetings, quantitative measurements were gathered. Objectives: This study was designed: 1) to describe, during their life history, the initiation and progression of their alcohol and drug consumption; 2) to describe the subjective perspective of these women in regard to factors associated with the development of their alcohol and drug consumption path during their lives. Method: As part of a more extensive study, among the 2667 clients admitted to a public drug addiction centre in Montreal for treatment between 1991 and 1995, 219 women were retained on the basis of their scores in the Drug Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Within this selected sub-group, 21 women were interviewed within the scope of a life history-type interview. The Drug Addiction Severity Index completed the data. A thematic qualitative analysis of the interview report was carried out using QSR NUD*IST software. Results: The history of the very first experience of alcohol or illegal drug use were characterized, at an early age, by the experience of relieving tensions in a family situation marked by multiple risk factors, such as various forms of maltreatment. The role of the mother, the influence of a love partner and psychological distress are important components raised by these women in explaining the progression of their consumption. The study was completed by clinical recommendations.
Keywords: trajectoires, toxicomanie, femmes, récits de vie, initiation, progression, trajectories, drug addiction, women, life history, initiation, progression, trayectoria, toxicomanía, mujeres, relatos de vida, iniciación, progresión
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910.More information
Although a number of studies have explored characteristics of personal space and consequences of interpersonal distance on social integration, less attention has been given to this aspect of social life in children's play groups. Some researchers have examined the influence of social density on individual behavior, others have traced the evolution of personal space as a function of age. However, to date, none have examined the mutidimentional nature of interpersonal distance during the course of a school year. In this study, thirty two three-year-old children were observed in free play activities in their classroom on three occasions. Five sets of measures were extracted from 30 second time sampling of interpersonal distances : I / average distance from group ; 2/ distance to three nearest neighbors ; 3 / distance stability ; 4 /stability of nearest neighbor preferences ; 5 /length of trajectory and surface covered through displacement in the room. Multivariate analysis revealed four factors of personal space : personal proximity, spa- cial stability, displacements and stability of association. Results are discussed in terms of differential constraint generated by the immediate social context and its relation to processes of integration in the preschool setting. In general, familiarity with peers decreases interpersonal distances and increases the stability of peer associations.