Documents found
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931.More information
Summary: The role of semantic context in the selection of problem's representation.The present paper deals with the general question of how the interpretation of the problem is elaborated, and more precisely which part is played by the semantic factors. We used Tower of Hanoi isomorphs to investigate the process of discovery of new properties and to explain the great difference of difficulty observed (Kotovsky, Hayes and Simon, 1985; Kotovsky and Fallside, 1989). Our hypothesis was that this difference is not due mainly to the nature of the operator, as claims Kotovsky et al., but lies in the compatibility of prior knowledge activated by the context and the adequate representation of the action needed to solve the problem. In the experiment 1 and 2, we used three isomorphs in which the only difference was the nature of the operator (Move or Change of size). In the experience 3 and 4, four isomorphs were used by combining the nature of the operator (Move or Change of size) and the nature of the context (result or transformation). One hundred and sixty-four subjects were asked either to judge the legality of moves (experiment 1 and 3) or either to solve the problem (experiment 2 and 4). Results of experiments 1 and 2 show that the Change-of-size problems were more difficult than the Move problem. But, as predicted, the results of experiments 3 and 4 show that when the context emphasizes the adequate representation, the difference due to the nature ofthe operator disappears. The more difficult isomorphs were those that involve changing the first representation and constructing a new one. This research is an attempt to explain the insight and restructuration phenomena described by the Gestalt theory using an information processing framework.Key words : semantic context, prior knowledge, comprehension, isomorphic problem.
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932.More information
Summary : Morphological processing in beginning readers' written word recognitionTwo experiments on morphological processing in beginning readers' written word recognition are presented in this paper. The results from a first experiment show, at least for new words, that children read affixed items (like dégarer, built from garer) more accurately and more rapidly than pseudo-affixed items (like démaner). The second experiment clarifies the type of written word recognition processing at work. Facilitation is not due to the presence of a familiar or frequent orthographie configuration (base or affix) but to the morphological value of the construction.Key words : Learning to read, morphological processing, written word recognition, derivation, suffixes, prefixes.
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933.More information
The motivation of Québec students begins declining when they start high school (Chouinard, 2007). However, we know that the motivation to write is one of the most important determinants of developing writing skills (Hayes, 1995). Since software tools such as word processing are associated with a greater sense of self-efficacy (Newhouse, 2002), could the use of ICT for the development of writing skills help reverse this trend? To answer this research question, we developed a methodology based on the theory of self-determination by Deci and Ryan (2002). We met 264 students from a high school in the Montréal suburbs. At the beginning of the study, everyone wrote something by hand. Then the writing mode was differentiated: whereas the control group subjects wrote two pieces by hand, those in the quasi-experimental group wrote two pieces on the computer. At the beginning and end of the research project, everyone had to fill out a motivation scale, The Motivation Scale for Writing in French, adapted from The Motivation Scale for Using ICT in Teaching. Semi-structured group interviews were conducted to illustrate trends from quantitative analyses. The quantitative analysis of the data helped draw a dichotomous portrait; while technological writers tend to be intrinsically motivated before even using ICT, traditional writers are more strongly motivated. The analysis of group interviews confirmed this observation.
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934.More information
This article focuses on the central role of the consultant, subject and player in their own project. After having described the conditions required for the construction of the youth's personal project (Huteau, Boutinet), they attempt to bring out the social and psychological conditionings that hinder freedom of decision. As regards social aspects, they call on the contributors of French sociology (Bourdieu for the habitus concept, and Duru-Bellat for the analysis of the school's sociology). As for the more psychological conditionings, they resort to concepts of American psychology (Langer for the information processing process in cognitive high tension in the field of social psychology, and Gelatt for positive uncertainty in the field of guidance).
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935.More information
North-south trade, inequality and endogenous growthThis paper presents a simple endogenous growth model based on an international « semi-specialization », i.e. : one country -North- has a R&D sector and a manufacturing sector, and the other one -South- is specialized in consumption good production.We find, for the Northern country, that the trade opening is positive for growth but not necessarily for GDP and increases the inequality between skilled and low-skilled workers. Nevertheless, there is no tendency to factor price equalization. A minimum wage in the North implies unskilled unemployment. A simulation of the model gives low present effects on industrialized countries but potentially large ones considering the demographic giants emergence.
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936.
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937.More information
This paper proposes an alternative approach about a stock quantification of matter mobilized by an urban planning project, aiming at improving urban metabolism. Actually, territorial metabolism studies reveal that urbanization processes generate the main mart of material flows produced by territories, in direct extraction or garbage production. The objective of the paper is to present a method permitting to quantify matter flows resulting from the realization of an urban planning project whose privileged form in France is the ZAC – ie concerted planning zone –, considering the time scale of its implementation and its perimeter. Quantification methods are based on data available only at administrative scales – region, department or communes –, exceeding largely urban projects scale. The field analyzed for this paper is an urban renewal project in the Grand Paris metropolis, in Vitry-sur-Seine. Considering ground and built artifacts in the quantification process, the originality of the method consists in producing results concerning masses of earth and concrete mobilized by the project. Then, the results show the centrality of these matters for circular economy politics based, for example, on an increasing circularity of matter in urban environment.
Keywords: métabolisme territorial, métropole du Grand Paris, Vitry-sur-Seine, projet d'urbanisme, ZAC, stock, sol, bâti, terre, béton, territorial metabolism, Grand Paris metropolis, Vitry-sur-Seine, urban planning project, concerted planning zone, stock, soil, buildings, earth, concret
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938.More information
The principle of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), as enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), is far from applied in Canada. We present the perspectives of representatives from the Innu of Pessamit regarding FPIC in the forestry context in Quebec. Through a series of interviews carried out in 2016 and 2017, we document the ways in which dynamics around consent are expressed in participatory mechanisms within forestry governance. Our results show different levels of community engagement, whether through consultations within Quebec's forestry regime, administrative agreements with industry or forestry certification. At the time of the research, the participation of the Innu of Pessamit in forestry consultations was based around collaboration with industry and government, but options for the implementation of FPIC were relatively limited. The Innu of Pessamit are nonetheless engaged in the reappropriation of governance on Nitassinan, which is part of a movement towards the affirmation of their rights to self-determination.
Keywords: consentement, certification forestière, Déclaration des Nations unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones, foresterie, Pessamit
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939.More information
Studies on othering in times of epidemics show a recurrent appropriation of disease outbreaks to reproduce racial exclusions. Inspired by new racism studies and relying on the conceptual tool of “borderline racism,” this article focuses on the argumentative normativity of this racial exclusion, by analyzing the argumentative logics of differentialist discourses, and by questioning those formulated in a seemingly “acceptable” manner as (potential) tools of racial exclusion. We analyzed pan-Canadian discourses circulated in media articles (n = 2437), publications by health authorities (n = 533) and comments posted by Internet users (n = 3441) during international outbreaks of tuberculosis, H1N1, Ebola and Zika. Through a rhetorical frame analysis, our results show that racial exclusion operates through three axes of categorization (the health risk posed by differing nationality, attributes, and epistemic standpoints), the first two being objects of criticism and social disapproval, and the latter serving as the main argument to justify racial exclusion. We problematize this discursive use as the articulation of a convenient borderline racism in a rhetorical atmosphere of “fear of post-truth.”
Keywords: Épidémie, blâme, héroïsation, nouveau racisme, post-vérité, Epidemic, blame, heroization, new racism, post-truth
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