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164.More information
In the eighteenth century, hermetism was a marginal phenomenon for the Catholic Church, which favoured the missionary orders. The case of Toussaint Cartier, who lived on the island of St. Barnabé off the coast of Rimouski from 1728 until his death in 1767, might lead us to infer that New France was more tolerant of this type of vocation. Now, such was manifestly not the case, as is obvious from the testimony of the marquis de Montcalm, the condemnation of hermetism by Pope Benedict XIV, the case of the hermit of Trois-Pistoles in the early eighteenth century, and provisions regarding hermits in the old civil law. All these points of view shed new light on the enigmatic and problematic vocation of Toussaint Cartier for the institutions of his time.
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165.More information
The cession of a territory is a complex operation whose effects have varied over time and according to the actors' conceptions of the relationship between the transferee state and the ceded territory and its population. In the case of France's cession of Canada in 1763, the transfer of land itself should be distinguished from the process of “defrenchification” of peoples under French law. This article establishes the chronology and modalities of defrenchification as undergone by the former French of Canada over a period which, beginning in 1763, ended up spanning the entire following century.
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166.More information
The concept of historicism could be used to designate stage reconstitutions of ancient times or of ancient theatrical codes, as one does in painting or architecture. But it was in its philosophical acceptance, derived from the Marxist studies, that Bertolt Brecht introduced it in the late 1930s. This concept was then used in the 1970s, but with very different meanings: while Brecht intended to show the mutability of the society, some scholars applied it to every production which precisely refers to any times, even today's. The productions usually considered as exemplary of this treatment (George Dandin and The Tartuffe by Roger Planchon, Dom Juan by Patrice Chéreau), very much influenced by Brecht, attempted to represent the social transformations of the Grand Siècle. But one can discover that this modern conception of History was accompanied by much older ways of connecting present to the past, such as Cicero's historia magistra vitae.
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