Documents found
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3242.
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3244.
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3245.More information
Among all threats to maritime security, today piracy is certainly the most famous of them. Following a series of unprecedented violent attacks, the international community sent a military fleet off the coast of Somalia in 2008 to restore order and security. However, given the significant costs of such device, some legal scholars have not hesitated to support a greater use of the private sector in the fight against piracy. To achieve this, the resurgence of letters of marque, which allowed, during the past centuries, the practice of privateering, was proposed. This attempt to use the privateers against these threats is not devoid of legal issues regarding their conformity with modern international law. Far to dismiss the relevance of a greater use of private sector, the author underlines the need for a permanent mechanism in which companies will contribute to current and future naval presences. After establishing the terms of use of letters of marque by States, the author suggests the establishment of a partnership between public and private sector whose terms will remove all risks inherent to the use of private military companies.
Keywords: Corsaires, piraterie, lettre de marque, partenariat public-privé, haute mer, sociétés militaires privées, sécurité privée, navire d'État, Privateers, piracy, letter of marque, public-private partnership, high sea, private military companies, private security, public vessel
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3246.
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3248.More information
In his book Homo Hierarchicus, Louis Dumont proposes a model, using the example of India, wherein "status [hierarchical ordering of caste memberships] encompasses power [domination through rights to land]." In later publications when dealing with anthropological method in general, Dumont tends to refer to the Indian case as an illustration of a universal logic: the "encompassment of the contrary." The aim of this paper is to clarify this logic through the discussion of two possible alternatives. In the first instance, the Indian case does not lead to any comparison; rather, through historical processes, pollution and prohibition beliefs in the religious sphere gained such importance that the influence of economic and political domination on the social organization of differences was reduced. In the second instance, the Indian case does provide a comparative model: here, however, this paper argues that a set of concepts is still missing—concepts in which "status" is seen as the social organization of membership. (In any society, status inevitably creates a level of self-contradiction but manages to include it; in other words, encompassment is the inclusion of a contrary which stems out and is constitutive of the encompassing term.) This two-level model seems to invite general comparison. However, the current view must then be modified on three points: 1) the analysis of the reversal of practices and superiority within a given society (Part I of the discussion, published in this issue, contrasts Dumont’s, Needham’s and Dupuy’s models); 2) the analysis of impurity in India and its relation to power, on the points where Dumont himself admits that his conclusion is unsatisfactory (Part II discusses the Indian case on new grounds but remains within the limits of the ethnography presented in Homo Hierarchicus); 3) the evolution of Dumont’s models and formal vocabulary in his various publications: the rather strange use of "contrary" or "contradiction" and the even stranger parallel Dumont draws between the logic of Indian society and the myth of Adam and Eve. (This discussion, presented in the Annexe, concludes the elaboration of the notion of "hierarchical reversal" as an anthropological tool useful in the analysis of any society.)
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3250.