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The Amish arrived in Southern Ontario in 1822. This religious minority adopts specific socioreligious practices, such as the use of horses to farm and as a means of transportation, and intergenerational and communal familial cohabitation. Have the Courts in Ontario contributed to the acknowledgement of these socioreligious practices? If so, in what manner? It is postulated in this study that the Courts positively influenced the acknowledgment of the Amish socioreligious practices at the local level. Two cases are examined to explore this hypothesis, both concerning municipal law: Mornington (Township) v.Kuepfer and Stoll v. Kawartha Lakes (City) Committee of Adjustment. In the first case, the Amish community was granted the right to keep horses in a municipality where a by-law formally forbade such keeping. In the second case, the Amish community was granted the right to build a second house on farmland where such construction was forbidden. In both situations, the Courts, acting as a source of State authority, took into account the religious freedom afforded to this religious community, thus contributing to the acknowledgement of these specific socioreligious aspects of the Amish community.

SummaryProfessional group political-economic or "guild" power cannot be understood, in either its rise or its fall, without a comparative and historical perspective. The relations among state, capitalist sectors, and the learned professions have evolved in ways that have led to decreased guild power for individual-service professions or sectors of professions and possibly a rise of some which directly serve advanced capitalism. After presenting a series of analytical dimensions, the article inspects the complex relations among state bodies, political parties, sectors of capitalism, and the professions of medicine, law and engineering. Case studies illustrate the role of the state in each of four nations : the U.S., Great Britain, Italy, and France. Similarities and differences in the fate of each profession are then considered comparatively across all these nations. Implications for existing theories of profesionnal power are considered in the conclusion.

During the sixteenth century, confessional disputes between Catholics and Protestants became the “battlefield” for determining and shaping the reformed Christian religion. Antiquarian erudition played a key role in this process, acting in accordance with the diverse cultural systems in place, justifying doctrinaire positions, and legitimizing the existence of their institutions. Renaissance chronotaxes illustrate this point particularly well. In this article, for the first time, the ecclesiastical chronotaxes disseminated to Christian scholarly environments throughout Renaissance Europe have been collated and studied. Both the driving forces behind this cultural phenomenon and the methods applied are investigated. The key objective here is to present the first catalogue of these works and to offer valuable material that sheds further light on the cultural, historical, and religious dynamics of the time, which may serve as the basis for further academic debate.

AbstractThe events of 9/11 and afterwards appear to reinforce realism as the dominant theory of international relations. 9/11 demonstrated the continuing dangers of anarchic international society, realists believe, and showed that sovereign states must continue to guard their own interests, using military force as an essential means to maintain security. Post-realists agree that realism's cognitive simplicity fits the perceived crisis of 9/11. At the same time, post-realism suggests that political action is more complex and dynamic than realism believes. The attack from Al Qaeda did not come from another state, and the military responses in Afghanistan and Irak did not demonstrably weaken it. Post-realism emphasizes the importance of multiple perspectives, interpretations, and meanings – realist and non-realist – for developing a critical understanding of international relations. As one example, this paper includes an account of us imperialism, identifiable through discursive analysis as a distinctive cultural formation. Though the single, simple viewpoint of realism may seem compelling, post-realism suggests that seeing the world through multiple frames is likely to produce more prudent strategies in world politics.

This study examines opposition to internationalization and the emergence of neocontinentalism in Canada's policy toward the Americas. We demonstrate that the formulation of the Stephen Harper government's Americas strategy did not stray far from Canada's internationalist tradition. However, neocontinentalism, an external expression of Canadian neoconservatism, has shaped the implementation of the Americas strategy. The influence of neocontinentalism is reflected in Canada's role in promoting democracy, economic integration, and security.

Keywords: politique étrangère canadienne, Amériques, internationalisme, néo-continentalisme, Canadian foreign policy, Americas, internationalism, neocontinentalism, política exterior canadiense, América, internacionalismo, neocontinentalismo

SummaryThis article reports on thé contribution of women to the study of bureaucratic organizations, both private and public. Women's work, either as employees in organizations or as researchers in this area, has been traditionally invisible However, in the last few years, women have undertaken important research work on organizations, in perspectives which are often original and occasionally subversive. They have been principally concerned with questions relating to power in organizations, relations between public bureaucracies and the recipients of their services, as well as with modes of organization which offer alternatives to present forms of management. The authors review and analyze these studies and attempt to isolate their consequences at the present time and in the future.