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682.More information
In early modern France, the monarchy was concerned with limiting the partiality of judges and guaranteeing the people fair justice. To this end, remedies were introduced, including evocation, which allowed the king or a sovereign court to remove a case from a court and refer it to another court outside of the litigants' original jurisdiction. Designed as a safety net, this procedure was not without its problems. They are many examples of individuals complaining about the distance between their residence and the court designated to judge them. In pre-industrial societies, distance is a genuine obstacle to judicial access. In times when travel was largely by foot or slow carriages, pleading and defending one's case before a distant judge could generate colossal delays and costs well beyond the financial means of most litigants. Using Provençal judicial archives, this article looks at the question of access to justice through the example of evocations and the problems posed by the distance they provoke.
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683.More information
All International Biological Programme themes were developed in Canada, but this paper deals with section « CT » (Conservation Terrestrial) only north of 50°00' lat. N.. The author makes a short analysis of the Canadian approach within the actual economic situation. The Québec Ecological Reserves Act passed in 1974 takes place while large development projects occur on Québec northern lands. Eleven candidate reserves were proposed by IBP for a total of 650 000 ha, of which mining potential is discussed. Two examples are given : Povungnituk and Richmond Gulf. Environmental monitoring is also discussed for some proposals within a national system as defined by SCOPE, and the eventual arctic gas pipeline, from the northern arctic archipelago. The author concludes in stressing the importance of the Ecological Reserves Act and the role played by the Québec scientific community.
Keywords: Programme Biologique International, réserves écologiques, législation, Nouveau Québec, International Biological Programme, Ecological Reserves, Legislation, Nouveau-Québec
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684.
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688.
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690.