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The choice of voluntary childlessness, which is part of the Childfree by Choice movement, one of the elements of the Second Demographic Transition, is today being discussed in online forums. Following an exploratory and descriptive content analysis of an international discussion forum dedicated to non-parents by choice, four categories of motivations could be identified : a simple lack of desire for children, a questioning of the roles and constraints imposed by a child, a negative perception of children and « altruistic reasons », linked to environmental deterioration and overpopulation. Issues associated with transmission (hereditary diseases, offspring qualities, gene transmission, family name, inheritance, etc.) are also raised, demonstrating the importance of some of these concerns among the advocates of voluntary childlessness. This study validates the conclusions of the sociopsychological research carried out on this population and broadens the analysis by taking into account the debates surrounding the transmission issues, a topic under-explored in the context of voluntary childlessness.

Keywords: De Pierrepont, Lévy, infécondité volontaire, forum de discussion, motivations, transmission, enfant, De Pierrepont, Lévy, Voluntary Childlessness, Online Discussion Forum, Motivations, Transmission, Children, De Pierrepont, Lévy, infecundidad voluntaria, foro de discusión, motivaciones, transmisión, hijos

AbstractAnthropology in Crisis and the Crises of Anthropology in Mexico, 1970-1986Mexico, after revising again and again her plans for social, economic and moral development, is now facing a deep crisis likely to bring about complex consequences. Anthropology, no less affectad by these changes, has had to adopt a more realistic stance, albeit with some bitter reservations. Today, Mexican society appears to see in the bringing together of sometimes conflicting factions and ideologies an alternative to fascism. Many Mexican anthropologists are working towards such an historical compromise while ensuring that their discipline deals with relevant issues. By so doing, they are also helping to bring about a new kind of anthropology.

There is general agreement that fraternity is the law of love. Having now moved beyond the private setting in which it was established, fraternity is often seen as one of the inventions of social hypocrisy. Nevertheless, its altruistic dimension is what makes it so productive. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that fraternity is a key objective of the legal order in civil law, without which all of the public and individual benefits would be unlikely and precarious. It is a cornerstone of respect for human dignity and it allows us to bring out the human dimension of social relations. Fraternity is now considered the matrix of the principles that govern the relations between individuals. This modern recognition of fraternity's ability to legitimize and to give a basis to legally binding rights and obligations allows us to go beyond its non-compulsory essence and to require it in many social relationships. Thus, alongside a fraternity that is generally consented to by individuals, we now have a fraternity that is imposed by law.

Neoliberalism has created different categories of employment, thus increasing employment insecurity. It has also led to increased contracting out of work and a job market that, overall, is less favourable to workers. Temporary employment agencies occupy a central place in this job market. These agencies provide businesses — their « clients » — with qualified labour on demand, without being subject to the usual constraints of labour laws. In France a choice was made early on to regulate temporary employment agencies, but Québec law has ignored this kind of tripartite employment relationship. In Québec, because these « private placement agencies » have not been regulated, numerous temporary workers are left to their own devices or find themselves at the mercy of often unorthodox agency practices. Agencies manage temporary workers as they would any other supply of goods, and go out of business or split into multiple entities in order to avoid responsibility for salary or benefit claims. Québec should look to the French model for inspiration. Although in some respects it could be improved, this model contains some interesting measures to protect workers. We examine the regulation of temporary work agencies from the standpoint of community of origin and host community. We argue that Québec should address the issue of labour standards for agency workers and the regulation of temporary employment agencies in a timely and serious fashion, since agency workers are particularly vulnerable to the effects of an economic crisis.

AbstractThe Good Mountain and the Evil Water. Toponymy and Environmental Practices of the Nahuas of the Lower Mountain (Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico)This article explores the relationships between the environmental practices of the Nahua (who live in the lower tropical mountain range of the Eastem Sierra Madre, in Mexico) and their toponymie definition of their territory. We hoped to bridge the gap between the two approaches which anthropologists have used to study the relationships between humans and their environments : the one focusing on representations (cosmology, knowledge Systems) the other on inputs-outputs of farming, cattle-herding of food-gathering. Our working hypothesis was that the rich toponymy of a Nahua community would reveal a close link with their economie practices, which we had already studied. This hypothesis was only partly verified : various catagories refering to location take indeed their signification from farming (the metaphor of the " body-mountain "). Another group of categories (the " body-river ") refers to the magie realm, while the countless references to the flora and fauna seem to have only a cognitive function, that of differentiating the universe of locus.Key words : Taller de Tradition oral, Beaucage, Nahua, Mexico, environment, territory, toponymy

Abstract Several interventions promoting smoking cessation have proved effective and are essential to any populational program designed to reduce morbidity and mortality related to health problems caused by tobacco smoke. Such measures are part of World Health Organization anti-tobacco treaty: regulations, tax policies, elimination of trafficking, public education, etc. Among the many provisions of this treaty are also actions designed to promote tobacco withdrawal and the appropriate treatment of tobacco dependence by health professionals. Tobacco use is responsible for over 40 pathologies, and 50% of all chronic smokers die prematurely of diseases related to tobacco use, with an average loss of ten years of life. Obviously, the benefits of smoking cessation on health are considerable. This article draws up a list of interventions available to help smokers give up tobacco, describes them and reports on their effectiveness.

Keywords: interventions, fumeurs, abandon du tabac, Interventions, Smokers, smoking cessation, Intervenciones, Fumadores, abandono del tabaco

AbstractThis article describes the evolution of drug use between 1997 and 2003 in HIV-negative men who have sex with men living in the Montreal region, according to age and HIV risk-taking behaviours. Data come from Omega, a longitudinal study on the incidence and on the psychosocial determinants of HIV infection among these men. Participants completed a questionnaire every six months and data are from the first follow-up visit. Trends analyses by calendar period were done and a logistic regression model using generalised equations for parameter estimation was generated for each type of drug. Results reveal an increase in cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogen, speed and GHB use between 1997 and 2003. On the other hand, marijuana, poppers and heroin use do not seem to have change significantly. Men who are younger than 30 years old and who had risky anal intercourse seem to be more likely to have used specific drugs in the same period. This indicates possible transformations in the way of life of these men and these results suggest new challenges for HIV prevention in the gay community.

Keywords: VIH, homosexuels, risques, drogues, évolution, HIV, homosexuals, risk, drugs, evolution, VIH, homosexuales, riesgos, drogas, evolución

Although several reforms have been implemented in recent years, the professionalization of university in Spain is often questioned in international expertise reports. However, in this same context, nursing training is characterized by a long tradition of cooperation with the professional world, practice-oriented curricula, and openness towards a form of Co-operative Education training. Basing our analysis of the principle of a distinction between an offer of training and its actual uses, we wondered about the effects of these methods on the professional development of student nurses. Based on a collaborative study conducted in Spain in a faculty of nursing sciences, we highlighted the professionalizing dynamics induced by a system. Beyond the influence of contextual variables, these conjectures shed light on perceptions about Co-operative Education programs.

AbstractAlcoholism is recognized as a major health problem among the native populations of Brazil and is associated with high rates of violence and suicide. However, only recently have the governmental agencies concerned with Indian Health begun to support research and programs for control and prevention. In reality, very little is known about drinking behavior among the Indians beyond certain stereotypes or use of a biomedical diagnosis. A review of comparative data about alcohol and other substance abuse in other parts of the world is made in order to argue that social environment may be more useful for understanding the problem than universal biomedical criteria. Based on this data, as well as the little that is known about contemporary drinking habits among the Brazilian Indians, the paper questions the utility of the label “alcoholism” for the development of prevention programs among Indian populations. The problems resulting from abuse of alcohol can only be understood and successfully addressed by critically examining the marginal position that the Indian in the Brazilian society.

Keywords: alcoolisme, autochtones du Brésil, anthropologie critique, politique publique, abus d'alcool, Alcoholism, Brazilian Indians, critical anthropology, public policy, drinking careers, Alcoholismo, autóctonos de Brasil, antropología crítica, política pública, abuso de alcohol