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AbstractThis article presents the action-research that is being carried out since year 2000, with the Mbya-Guarani population of Río Grande do Sul, Brazil. This study is intended to contribute to the programs that are being carried out, to deal with the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages and their consequences, especially focusing on the identification of the subject being targeted.Traditionally, the substance “alcohol” is treated as the main subject for the design of programs, for reducing accessibility and consumption. This research is considered from an emic standpoint of study in which focalized ethnography enables the identification of explanatory models of beverage consumption by Guarani indigenous population.A fundamental aspect is the understanding of the notion of person and the traditional medical system, where the notion of “spirit” in this binary case enables the apprehension of the association of the alcohol's spirit that matches with the spirit of the drinker's telluric nature. In a broader sense, the social interpretation explains that the most exposed communities are those with no healing houses (Opy) because there is no tie with the creator god (Ñanderu) who protects from the dangers of sickness and from becoming alcoholics.Due to the lack of the proper health services to prevent and treat the problem of alcoholism, a network of healers and helpers was set up to operate in all the communities, and up to now, it has succeeded in reducing the consumption of beverages through the restitution of the divine spirit and community meetings.The VIGISUS project is a plan funded by the World Bank to develop a national health surveillance system, in which there is a component to develop the indigenous health system.

Keywords: Alcoolisme, guarani, santé mentale autochtone, perspective intraculturelle, guérisseurs, Brésil, Alcoholism, Guarani, indigenous mental health, intracultural perspective, folk healers, Brazil, Alcoholismo, gurarani, salud mental indígena, perspectiva intracultural, curanderos Brasil

When HIV transmission from mother to child occurs, one of the major concerns is revealing the diagnosis to the infected children, something that could be experienced as a biographical turning point. The objective is to explore the effect of the disclosure of the diagnosis as experienced by adolescents who have been living with HIV since their birth. Twenty-nine HIV-positive young (aged from 10 to 18) agreed to a semi-structured individual interview focussed on the revelation of their serologic status. The data thus gathered was submitted to a content analysis (Paillé and Mucchielli, 2005; Sabourin, 2008). The disclosure of the serologic status runs through three stages: 1) that of a hidden reality, where the adolescents are unaware of their serologic status; 2) that of a reality which is finally disclosed when, at about the age of 11, they learn that they have an HIV infection; and 3) that of a reality they need to progressively integrate, where its disclosure becomes a participating factor in the construction of their personal and social identities. The disclosure becomes an extension of their biographical continuity by legitimizing their ARV treatments, at a time when they appear to be contemplating gradual changes with respect to their private lives and personal sexuality.

Keywords: VIH, transmission verticale, adolescent, dévoilement, biographie, HIV, vertical transmission, adolescent, disclosure, biography

New reproduction techniques have acutely underscored many unprecedented ethical problems and numerous questions have been raised both in Canada and abroad relating to the acceptable or non-acceptable nature of new possibilities offered by science. Yet, these debates raise another even more fundamental issue, that of the balance of power between science and systems of law. Are these totally distinct domains without any relationship between them ? Owing to its object of study, is science outside the purview of systems of law and if so, would it be impossible for the latter to pass legislation pertaining to science ? Are legal systems sheltered from the influence of science ? This article attempts to address these essential questions. The demarcation of the field of law and the confronting of this demarcation with various aspects of science make it possible to determine in which areas laws may be applied. Evidence demonstrates, nonetheless, that sciences tend to influence legal systems by manipulating concepts relating to the fundamental values of our legal system, without this process being noticed. The alteration of the respective place of philosophy and sciences in the universe of values explains the strong influence acquired by sciences and the difficulty that legal systems have in resisting its silent influence.

In line with a distinction popularized by writers such as Ardoino (1984), Bonniol (1988) and Bonniol and Genthon (1989) in France, the following reflection attempts to show that the concept of effectiveness belongs to  "the order of aims" (i.e., of intentions or objectives aimed at) while the concept of efficiency belongs to "the order of programmation" of inputs and outflows. The outflows are the same for effectiveness and efficiency whereas the inputs are different. Effectiveness has intended effects as inputs, whereas invested resources are the inputs in efficiency. In both cases, we can distinguish quantitative components (intended quantitative effects or/and achieved effects, such as the number of diploma holders, quantitative resources expressed in financial costs) and qualitative components (intended and achieved effects expressed in terms of types of performance, non material resources, etc.). In addition, we can differentiate the internal and external facets of effectiveness and efficiency if we are interested in effects as related, respectively, to intentions or to invested resources. We will further try to show that equity, which also has internal and external facets, takes into account additional questions such as the distribution of costs and the advantages derived from educational investments.

Keywords: coût, efficacité, efficience, équité, rendement, évaluation des systèmes, allocation des ressources, cost, effectiveness, efficiency, equity, productivity, system evaluation, resource allocation

This paper is focused on Kungfu itself as a discourse which is closely related to technology and science. Kungfu movies made in Hong Kong are used to demonstrate how the technological aspects can be juxtaposed with the built-in technology of Kungfu, such as David Bordwelf's ideas of pause-burst-pause pattern, the expressive force of jumping, punching, the kinetic impact and expressivity, the kind of affects generated from rhythmic differentiality, the nuanced interconnectedness between fighters and their weapons, the kind of difference in intensity and rhythms based on the medical and scientific concepts of Qi Kung, etc. How Kungfu discourse can be used as exemplary of the concept of "Embodying technesis" will be explored.

In this paper, the author examines the return of kings to the public arena in Benin. Indeed, since the very beginning of colonization, the pre-colonial kingdoms have been under the watchful eyes of the rulers who, by making them heritage, lay claim to their power. The author sets out the idea that the king, as a representation of pre-colonial authority builds himself up through images of power, which nourish democratization and the processes of decentralization in contemporary Benin. Thus, she looks closely at Louis Marin's concept of representation as power through a few portraits of kings, who emerged after the National conference discussing it in the context of Claude Lefort's theory of the locus of power in democracy as an empty space.

Keywords: Tall, royauté, patrimoine, démocratie, représentation, pouvoir, Bénin, Tall, Kingship, Heritage, Democracy, Representation, Power, Benin, Tall, realeza, patrimonio, democracia, representación, poder, Benín

In Canadian Francophone minority communities, the active offer (AO) of French language services involves proactively offering services in French from the first point of contact. In the context of health and social services, the AO contributes to the quality, safety and equity of care within these communities. The AO Competency Indicator Observation Grid was created to assess AO competency among future professionals in a simulated learning environment. The purpose of this research project was to continue the metrological evaluation of the grid by measuring its inter-rater reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The results demonstrated a high level of global reliability (ICC = 0.87), thus supporting the use of the grid in learning environments. Further research will evaluate the reliability of the grid in a variety of settings and ensure continued improvement in the training of future professionals on the AO.

Keywords: outils d'évaluation, offre active de services en français, formation des professionnels de la santé, apprentissage par simulation, fidélité interjuges, assessment tools, active offer of French language services, health professional education, simulated learning, inter-rater reliability

Discourses of children as deficient and deviant are common within the education system and shape the ways in which educators interact with and respond to children. To illustrate this, we conducted a critical discourse analysis of a provincial policy document that directs schools in the development of Codes of Conduct. Drawing on poststructural theory, we demonstrate the ways in which the discourses within policy construct and reify particular identities of the child and of misbehaviour and how these discourse influence conceptions of behaviour “management.” We argue for a reconceptualization of the identity of the child as a contextualized and socially embedded being. In doing so, we articulate an opening for ethical engagements with children that rely on our responsibility for the other.