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The evangelization of Hudson Bay has been well documented through several ethnohistorical sources, but that of Ungava and of neighboring areas stretching as far as Labrador remains unknown. Drawing on Reverend Stewart's diaries, reports and correspondence and a few letters from Reverend E. Hester who joined him in 1911 – most of these documents were published in the Great Britain Messenger – this paper describes the Christianization of this region. The role of shamans and catechists is examined during the first twenty-five years of Reverend Stewart's mission (1899-1918).

Keywords: Inuit, ethnohistoire, baie d'Ungava, Stewart, christianisation, chamanisme, Inuit, ethnohistory, Ungava Bay, Stewart, Christianization, shamanism, Inuit, ethnohistoria, Bahía de Ungava, Stewart, cristianización, chamanismo

The Federal Government's decision in the 1950s to force the Sayisi Dene and the Ahiarmiut to abandon their nomadic life out on the land and to settle in the communities of Churchill and Arviat resulted in disastrous consequences. The Sayisi Dene, who had been competent hunters and trappers, became a broken people living off the garbage dump at Churchill. Today, their children and grandchildren at Tadoule Lake are still trying to heal the wounds inflicted by the forced relocation. As for the Ahiarmiut who were relocated in a series of stages from Ennadai Lake to Nelting Lake, from Ennadai Lake to Henik Lake and from Henik Lake to Arviat, Rankin Inlet and finally to Whale Cove they are still awaiting the explanation from the federal government and acknowledgement of their painful experiences. Using oral and archival documents, this paper compares these two relocations, confronts the strategies, choices and decisions of the federal administration with the experiences and views of the participants and underscores the resilience of these caribou hunters.

This article explores challenges that Francophone newcomers face at their arrival in a francophone community in a minority context in Canada, as well as the impact of these obstacles on, and moderating factors associated to, the integration process. A qualitative research was conducted, using semi-structured interviews with sixty immigrants or refugees in three Canadian cities. The most challenging obstacle is the language barrier, as it has a direct impact on social integration and employment-seeking. The migration experience also has an impact on mental health, interpersonal relationships and physical health. Social support and personal resilience foster adaptation into the host community.

Keywords: immigration, francophones, intégration, contexte linguistique minoritaire, immigration, francophones, integration, linguistic minority context

The principle of mutuality is repeatedly called upon in doctrinal or jurisprudential material to justify the contractual bond in insurance. However, there is hardly nothing left anymore of mutuality in the field of insurance, and this, notwithstanding the fact that it is a plural notion. In general, jurists refer to a spectre of mutuality. Hence, so as to favour a better understanding of the insured in regard to the juridical content of the contract, the normative basis of the obligations of the parties should be redefined in a sense that is less loaded ideologically. This redefinition would allow to better address the technical, economic and actuarial characters of the service that insurers offer, thus establishing more precise markers to contractual obligations.

Keywords: Assurances, capitalisme, compagnie d'assurances, contrat, démutualisation, gestion des risques, mutualité, mutuelle d'assurances, obligations, théorie des contrats, Capitalism, contract, contract theory, demutualization, insurance law, insurance company, mutual insurance society, mutuality, obligation, risk management

The subject of this article is centered upon non-family farmworker in the Quebec agrarian sector. In the first instance, it describes the principal socioeconomic characteristics of these workers. Afterwards, it analyses to what degree farm-workers are subject to Quebec labour laws. Finally, it discusses the validity of various legal exceptions and exclusions aimed at agricultural employees in light of the Canadian and Quebec charters of rights and freedoms.There are at least 15 000 non-family farmworkers in Quebec. Approximately fifty percent of these employees are permanent workers, hired for the most part on livestock and poultry farms. Most of the non-family farmworkers are young male adults and of French-canadian origin. Some women and foreign farmworkers are to be found, but mostly on vegetable or fruit farms, and on a seasonal basis.Only a few agricultural employees are unionized. Farmworkers earn low wages for long workweeks. Agricultural work also provides for only a few legal holidays, and is characterized by a high level of occupational accidents. To what extent does Quebec labour laws apply to employees in the agricultural sector? This question calls for a not so clear-cut answer.The rules set forth in the Civil codepertaining to individual labour contracts are entirely applicable to the agricultural sector. So much can be said for the rules established in the Act Respecting Occupational Health and Safetyand in the Act Respecting Industrial Accidents and Occupational Diseases.These two laws do not create any exclusions or exceptions whatsoever with regard to farmworkers. On the other hand, these employees are deprived, in part or in whole, from the benefits of other important legislations concerning work conditions and industrial relations. Thus, only agricultural employers with at least four permanent workers are subject to the Act Respecting Labour Standard.Furthermore, employees who fall within the application of this law may not benefit from all the minimal standards that it provides.The Labour Code,in its application to farmworkers, is in no way different. Effectively, persons employed on a farm which has fewer than three full time workers are not considered «employees» as determined in the Labour Code,and are thus not entitled to union representation or certification. Considering the numerous farms in Quebec that hire fewer than three permanent workers, the great majority of farmworkers are deprived of the advantages brought about by trade-unions through collective bargaining. Finally, the Act Respecting Collective Agreement Decreesdoes not cover «agricultural exploitations» whatever the number of farmworkers in their employ. Farmworkers are unfavourably treated by our labour laws when compared to employees working in other sectors of our economy. In so being, they are victims of discrimination based upon their occupational activity. This discrimination could be judicially challenged on the basis of section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.Section 15 recognizes and guarantees the equality of all before and under the law. In spite of an uncertain jurisprudence on this subject, the door remains open for a court challenge. Futhermore, this occupational discrimination could also be attacked on the basis of some provisions of the Quebec Charter ofHuman Rights and Freedomswhich prohibits any form of discrimination based upon «social condition». Here again, farmworkers will have to overcome a jurisprudence which has favoured, up to now, a restrictive definition of «social condition».

SummaryThe growing interest in university professors' conceptions of teaching has resulted in the emergence of a new research area in the field of higher education teaching. However, a critical analysis of existing literature on the subject reveals deficiencies in making explicit these reports, specifically a lack of explanation of epistemological, as well as theoretical and methodological presumptions. Three of these presumptions are discussed in this paper : the evolution of learner-centred conceptions, the character of cognition determining action, and the conception of language as a conduit. Using cultural psychology as a basis of comparison, this work tentatively addresses questions of the relationship between a professor's elaboration of a certain conception and the use of language for representing meaning. The authors specify the implications of such a theoretical position, and point out new perspectives for research in this area.

Keywords: conceptions de l'enseignement, psychologie culturelle, travail de production de sens, méthodologies dialogiques, cultures disciplinaires, conceptions about teaching, cultural psychology, constructing meaning, dialogue methodologies, disciplinary cultures, concepciones de la enseñanza, psicología cultural, trabajo de producción de sentido, metodologías dialógicas, culturales disciplinarias

The search for forms of recovery following difficult or even traumatic events often involves considering speech as an instrument for personal and social transformation. Driven by ethical and epistemological concerns of a non-Aboriginal researcher conducting collaborative research into the disappearances and murders of Aboriginal women and girls in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, this article investigates more specifically the frequent association between remembering and the search for “wellness.” After introducing the foundations of this research, which are based on orality as a means of transmitting knowledge across generations, I will explore conceptions of wellness and healing arising from Aboriginal scientific literature. Then, emphasizing the relational dimension to the foundation of First Nations' storytelling, I will reveal two conceptions of stories: one conceiving them as “medicines” that bring together the strength of ancestors; the other dealing with them as teachings promoting cultural identity and traditional knowledge. In closing, I will talk about some tensions surrounding the willingness to illuminate complex issues, while reflecting on the conditions of listening to these stories and the challenges of representing and interpreting this experiential knowledge.

This article is an attempt to investigate the various meanings of the words « postmodernity », « postmodernism » and « postmodern ». It also assesses the significance of these words and of the concepts that they express for criminology. The paper is divided in three parts. The first part tries to dispell important misunderstandings that have sprung in relation to postmodernisrn. The most significant of these is the belief that there is such a thing as a postmodernist « method » in the social sciences. The second part identifies the origin of the term « postmodern » and discusses various themes which are perceived to be characteristic of postmodern thought. These themes are : the present legitimation crisis, the internal reflexivity of scientific theory, discourse analysis and meta-language, social and cultural fragmentation and historical pessimism. The last part draws the consequences of the preceding analyses for the development of criminology.

Keywords: Postmodernité, méthode, pensée postmoderne, analyse du discours, métalangage, fragmentation sociale, Postmodernism, method, postmodern thought, discourse analysis, meta-language, social fragmentation, Postmodernidad, método, pensamiento postmoderno, análisis de discurso, meta-lenguaje, fragmentación social

AbstractThis article formulates and then examines the hypothesis that a drop in fertility and the demographic ageing in the Greater Québec City area are directly linked to the conception, realization, development and inflation of the ideal of suburban life. This ideal places growing pressure on family life and contributes to the disintegration of formerly healthy urban and rural areas. In three steps, we will look at the genesis of demographic ageing as an effect of the post-1945 urbanization and interpret four statistical portraits – housing stock, population, ages and types of households in 1951, 1966, 1986 and 2006 – in various urban and suburban spaces. The idealization of suburban life proves to be the common denominator in families' exodus to housing developments, their growing concentration in outlaying areas, the heightened sensitivity of families' fertility to their economic situations and contemporary families' stress levels.

AbstractThe birth of a child is a transitional event that creates stress within the family and calls for the implementation of adaptative strategies that gradually allow the stakeholders to readjust both with regard to themselves and to their partner and to create room for the presence of the new being. If the child is sickly, the amount of stress suffered by the parents will be proportionately greater. Research has demonstrated that faced with a problem of child sickness, mother and father do not react in the same way. The intention of the present paper is to report on the current level of knowledge concerning the way fathers and mothers experience their child's health issues and to suggest new directions for research that will allow us to better understand their experience.