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Practice of anatomy and histology in medical school has been adapted to the context of online education related to the health crisis. Combining “practice” and “distance” was not trivial. This digital transition has been facilitated by the use of tools such as the MOOC dedicated to histology and medical imagery integrated in thoughtful pedagogical scenarios. Near peer teaching and the adaptation of the evaluation methods made it possible to correct educational support of activities previously organized in presence and to maintain the pedagogical alignment.
Keywords: Travaux pratiques, anatomie, histologie, enseignement à distance, MOOC, étudiants-moniteurs, évaluation, Practical anatomy and histology, online teaching, MOOC, near peer teaching, evaluation
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156.More information
Law, medicine and science are open interacting elements in the adjudication of compensation claims. Yet the consequences of this interaction are ofen overlooked. Concepts basic to these disciplines, such as probability, causation, and certainty, have very different meanings in the respective fields. Confusion as to the meaning actually used creates an ongoing handicap for compensation claimants. The burden of proof should be evaluated according to legal standards, and must not be confused with scientific notions of probability. Traditional legal rules regarding the admissibility of evidence may have to be adapted to better serve the process of adjudication by administrative tribunals when the medico-legal issues involved and the disparity in the means of the parties, lead to an imbalance in access to scientific and medical information. Judicial "neutrality" may in itself create a form of biais in a context where inequality between the opposing parties is intrinsic to the nature of the compensation system.
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157.More information
The Département de psychiatrie de l'Université de Montréal houses one of the first sleep centers founded 40 years ago. This center contributed to virtually every aspect of sleep medicine. It grew considerably over time to become one of the largest sleep centers worldwide. It is now called the Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM). Fourteen researchers and more than 30 research PhDs and postdoctoral fellows are working together in a 1,500 square-meter facility that includes separate units for fundamental and clinical studies and for the sleep disorders clinic. It has 10 polysomnographic recording rooms, 3 isolated units devoted to chronobiological studies, a high resolution SPECT imaging laboratory specifically devoted to sleep research, a high-density EEG unit and a psychophysiological laboratory to study the interaction between pain and sleep. This article relates the history of the CARSM and also presents a personal sleep odyssey.The CARSM has been very active in the description of clinical features and definitions of the phenotype of most sleep disorders. It contributed specifically to the development of diagnostic tools in narcolepsy (the multiple sleep latency test in different age groups), in nocturnal epilepsy (development of a method to localize the primary focus using in-depth electrodes recording during rapid eye movement sleep), in sleep bruxism (a method for scoring masticatory muscle activity during sleep and definition of cut-off values), in the restless legs syndrome (RLS: the suggested immobilisation test), in sleepwalking (sleep deprivation and experimental awakenings) and REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD: development of the first polygraphic method to diagnose RBD).The CARSM also contributed to the knowledge on the epidemiology of sleep disorders, conducting the first population-based prevalence study of RLS and of sleep bruxism. Researchers at the CARMS also looked at the impact of sleep disorders like narcolepsy, RLS, sleep apnea and the parasomnias on daytime cognitive functions and cardiovascular health. The CARSM collaborates with researchers throughout the world to elucidate the genetic bases of several disorders, especially narcolepsy, RLS, RBD and parasomnias in children and adults, through large well-defined cohorts of patients and normal subjects.Finally, the CARSM has made original contributions to the development of new treatments of sleep disorders, especially the dopaminergic treatments of RLS (first with levodopa and then with pramipexole). Current research also involves the identification of prodromal markers of Parkinson disease and dementia in patients with RBD as to build a ready-to trial cohort to test the efficacy of neuroprotective agents.In summary, the CARSM is a center dedicated to basic and clinical research on sleep and circadian rhythms. It is located at the Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal but involves several other researchers at the Université de Montréal and at other universities in Canada and in the world.
Keywords: médecine du sommeil, histoire, recherche fondamentale, diagnostic, traitement, sleep medicine, history, fundamental research, diagnosis, treatment
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Integrated Academic Information Management Systems (IAIMS) are increasingly present in universities that teach in the fields of the health sciences. Following a description of such a system at the Université de Sherbrooke, the author analyses its effects on users, on job descriptions, and on the need for access to better information.