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201.More information
Etymologically speaking, the word autopsy means “ to see for oneself, with one's own eyes ”. Its aim, therefore, is to see. But is it meant to be seen ? Compared to anatomical dissections and anatomopathological examinations, the rules governing the practice of forensic autopsies in the nineteenth century seem to have been less restrictive, and the observers more numerous. Due to the common use of public and private spaces not specific to scientific purposes, the operational freedom accorded to the medical specialist, and to the unique situation presented by the presence of a judicial expert, it seems that the medico-legal autopsy was meant to be seen by laymen. Nonetheless, various indications of the desire to conceal it from the public began to appear during the nineteenth century.
Keywords: autopsie, médecine légale, spectacle, cadavre, dissimulation, autopsy, forensic medicine, spectacle, corpse, dissimulation, concealment
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203.More information
When studying medicine in relation to social control, the sociological analysis often forgets to mention the values underlying medicalization. The development of American psychiatry, between 1950 and 1980, enlightens the driving force exerted by the individual's defense in promoting mental health. The principle of individuality has offered a new perspective on patients' rights and on the legitimation of psychic disorders. However, it also initiated a well-being requirement, acquired through the treatment of pain, and surpassing individual accomplishment. This moral pattern feeds the medicalization and also subjugates it to the contradictory imperative of the subject's compensation and protection. As this article attempts to demonstrate, psychiatry, as a psychological medicine, explains this tension in greater detail. The ambivalence of health requirements affects the organisation of professional morphology, influences the evaluation of psychiatric categorization, and modifies its appraising role.
Keywords: psychiatrie, normalité, déviance, pathologie, soins, santé, bien-être, souffrance, profession, standardisation, psychiatry, normalcy, deviant, pathology, care, health, well-being, suffering, profession, standardization, psiquiatría, normalidad, desviación, patología, cuidado, salud, bienestar, sufrimiento, profesión, normalización
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204.More information
Based on a seminar for medical students entitled Caregivers Facing Death and from our own work in hospital ethnography and liaison psychiatry at the general hospital, we discuss the status of emotions in care. When asked by students about their experience with end-of-life, caregivers often describe emotions as dangerous, and the importance of protecting oneself from them as paramount. Based on this observation, we return to the place of emotions in the biomedical and social sciences literature. Emotions of interest to the social sciences are mainly those of patients, and clinical decisions are most often seen as constrained by values and norms imposed on caregivers, themselves without apparent emotion. This posture curiously reinforces the idea, widespread in health care and more generally in our societies, that emotions can impair the ability to think rationally and objectively and must be put aside. In ethnography, however, researchers' emotions are seen as reliable indicators; similarly, the work of psychoanalyst Michael Balint emphasizes the need for clinicians to take into account the emotions of patients. On this basis, it would be possible to restore emotions to a central role in guiding the actions of researchers and clinicians alike.
Keywords: Foley, Saraga, mort, émotions, étudiants, soignants, clinique, Balint, ethnographie, Foley, Saraga, death, emotions, students, caregivers, clinical, Balint, ethnography, Foley, Saraga, muerte, emociones, estudiantes, proveedores de cuidados, clínica, Balint, etnografía
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