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Like most areas of health that interested medicine in the 19th century, it was almost without opposition that insanity was to become a new medical specialty during the past century. The aim of this article is to shed some light on the dynamics that have allowed doctors since the I7tl% and 18th century to share their point of view with the general public for whom the existential causes of madness seem to have been taken for granted.
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SUMMARYIn as much as it is situated at a crossroads, emergency psychiatric practice provides a remarkable observation point in relation to a number of new facts: the recession, unemployment, the lack of health, the growth and development of the autonomy of the para-psychiatric professions, deinstitutionalization, the poorly-defined extension of the field of psychiatry. The réponse, even the site of this response, to demands for urgent service, its ties to medicine and to society, represent major questions. The essential reasons for providing emergency psychiatric care remain the curtailment of pathology, the early assumption of care, the reduction of errors in diagnosis and the teaching of psychiatry in the medical milieu. Although seemingly evident, these affirmations deserve to be evaluated, to be the subject of epidemiological and démographie research. Beginning with the new problems posed by the economic recession, and in the face of the situation of medicine and psychiatry, the author describes two critical situations concerning the current organization of emergency care: the saturation of transitory units and the connections between the specialties.
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For biographical reasons, Paule Constant's five novels about Africa are marked by the medical history of the Franco-African relationship : Ouregano (1980), Balta (1983), White Spirit (1989), C'est fort la France ! (Gallimard, 2012) and Des chauves-souris, des singes et des hommes (2016). This article shows how these novels offer the reader an understanding of the France-Africa link as a medical relationship. They develop a literary and social type that is relatively little represented in contemporary literature : the bush doctor, and set up around him varied characters belonging to the medical staff. In this respect, Ouregano constitutes the reservoir of characters that will swarm in later novels. Two of these novels, C'est fort la France ! and Des chauves-souris, des singes et des hommes, deal with a historically attested « lomidinization accident », after the Cameroonian population was given injections of a chemical substance that was meant to prevent and cure trypanosomiasis caused by the tsetse fly and which cost the lives of several dozen villagers in 1954. The second of this novels initiates a dialogue with the historian Guillaume Lachenal and the theses developed in the book he wrote on lomidine : Le Médicament qui devait sauver l'Afrique : un scandale pharmaceutique aux colonies (2014).
Keywords: médecins coloniaux, Cameroun, maladies, trypanosomiase, épidémie, colonial doctors, Cameroon, diseases, trypanosomiasis, epidemic