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AbstractBefore answering the question : what is mental illness according to Pinel, it is necessary to ask, what is a disease according to him ? The answer to that question indicates first of all that for Pinel there is no fundamental distinction between mental illness and physical disease. In spite of the fact that tradition sees in him one of the founders of modern psychiatry as an independent discipline, for him madness does not constitute a radically different type of disease. This inquiry also shows that for Pinel there is no continuity between the time in which the disease takes place and the subjective time of the patient's history. Therefore for him, contrary to what is the case in the subsequent psychiatric tradition there is not relation of explanation between the history of the subject and mental illness.