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This reflective paper aims to explore the relationship between international students, academic and social integration and ICT, from the existing scientific literature. Drawing from the concept of academic and social integration, we first highlight that the triad “international students – academic and social integration – ICT” is not often discussed in the literature. In the absence of empirical results, the paper then focuses on why it would be interesting to deepen our understandings of this relationship. We finally suggest some avenues for future researches.

Keywords: Étudiants internationaux, intégration académique et sociale, TIC, International students, academic and social integration, ICT

The exercise of Quebec's cultural competence at the international level is characterized by a myriad of variations. On the one hand, the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, combined with the Agreement between the Quebec Government and the Government of Canada relating to UNESCO, offer to Quebec an unprecedented visibility and role within the main international organization in the field of culture. As such, Quebec is making its voice heard within the concert of nations, and is actively contributing to the development of international cultural law. On the other hand, this success for Quebec's diplomacy cannot obscure the fact that it has long been involved in the rise and strengthening of international cultural cooperation, which is today constituted of a vast network of bilateral and multilateral agreements, concluded with infra-state actors, states and international organizations.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and African Union to address the issue not yet discussed in the doctrine of the legal nature of NEPAD. It has been shown that as part of a body established by the Conference of the Union and under the control of the latter, NEPAD is a subsidiary organ, Janus, shared between the desire for autonomy and subordinated to the main body. This operation entails qualifying the other functional and institutional development as an agency of the NEPAD Pan-African Implementation within the African Union Commission.

This article analyses the ways in which secularism is practised on an everyday basis by political and religious authorities in Boulogne-Billancourt, a ‘bourgeois' suburb immediately southwest of Paris. This study describes the ways in which secularism is expressed through the relationships which exist between municipal and religious leaders and how these relationships impact the construction of places of worship. Upon initial examination, municipal policy toward the three primary religious communities — Catholic, Jewish and Muslim — appears to be founded upon and sanctioned by the principles of neutrality and equality. Upon further examination, the study establishes that the relative visibility, or invisibility, of places of worship is a function of the power structure within which the relationships between religious and political authorities are embedded, and that the municipal approach to secularism is drawn from the doctrine and experience of the Catholic Church.

Keywords: laïcité, visibilité, ville, lieux de culte, catholicisme, Secularism, visibility, city, places of worship, Catholicism, Laicismo, visibilidad, ciudad, lugares de culto, catolicismo

In Algeria, the industrialization program after independence, high population growth with the "over-urbanization of the North" that has created and unemployment aggravated by the structural adjustment program have had because of the quality of environment, both in urban areas than in villages. That's why, like many countries, Algeria after three decades of development, and a passage gap in the ecological culture, realized since the emergence of the particular debate on development-environment she has, as well as developed countries, problems of environmental order that it cannot ignore (pollution, erosion, fragility of the vegetation cover and the impoverishment of its potential, over-urbanization, etc.) However, this awareness of the fragility of the environmental situation coincides with an economic and financial crisis. To measure the extent of environmental problems in Algeria and to provide as effective as long-term solutions, it appears important to place environmental issues in the broader context of socio-economic development model followed since l962. In this article, our focus is whether the Algerian economic policy pursued since independence can claim a development be it economically, and if so how it can be done in harmony with the environmental protection. This goal leads us to look for, from and within the internal dynamics of economic and Algerian industrial structures, identifying the link between economic policy, industrial and alteration of the environment. We will adopt the analysis, which is to focus on the causal consideration of environmental issues in relation to economic policy implementation.

Keywords: environnement, développement durable, Algérie, politique industrielle, ressources naturelles, environment, sustainable development, Algeria, industrial policy, natural resources

Thanks to a blood sample, Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) estimates the value of a livestock genetic potential. This technique is proposed as a new means to improve genetic progress. In this paper, we follow this so-called « third revolution » in cattle breeding through a qualitative study in the region where the « Montbeliard » race originates from (Jura and Doubs districts in France). All the farmers and inseminators we met are consistently and simultaneously favourable and reluctant to the introduction of such genomic tools. While MAS challenges their current practices, each of them also tries to assess its possible benefits. These underlying contradictions are the red wire of this investigation. Instead of considering such contradictions as a cognitive deficit, we analyse them as signs of hesitations and tensions and henceforth consider them as clues about the possible consequences of an ongoing innovation.

Keywords: génomique, génotypage SAM (Sélection assistée par marqueurs), élevage laitier, technologie, Montbéliarde, contradiction, modernité, genomic, genotyping, MAS (Marker-Assisted Selection), dairy farming, technology, Montbeliarde, contradiction, modernity

In the South of France, gravity-fed irrigation canals embody centuries-old experience in water management in response to the high variability of rainfall across space and time. But nowadays, the sustainability of these works (called "béals" in the Cévennes gardoises) is no longer given and their very existence comes in the way of the adaptation to the new regulations concerning water sharing and quality (water laws 1992, 2006). To address a situation that has become problematic, a process of modernisation (institutional and technical) of the canals has been initiated by the Administration. Based on fieldwork in the Cévennes with irrigators' associations dealing with the modernisation of their béals, the aim of this paper is to discuss the actors' relationship to water through the study of local reactions to, and questions about, an administrative conception of these works that denies the values and knowledge associated with them.

Keywords: eau, irrigation collective, ontologie, technique, Cévennes, France, water, collective irrigation, ontology, technical, Cévennes, French

The authors carried out an ethnobotanical survey on the uses of medicinal plants at the level of the wilaya of Tamanrasset (Algerian Central Sahara). This survey was conducted with 41 informants through a direct interview. The results show that women prevail with 63.4%. They are the holders of ancestral therapeutic knowledge and the custodians of Saharan ethnobotanical information. Age groups over 50 years predominate with 61%. It is an index of better knowledge on traditional medicinal uses of plants by older people. Traditional healers are the primary source of ethnomedicinal information for the local population (68.3%). The local population surveyed reported 27 plants having current medicinal interests. These plant species belong to 15 botanical families, of which the Asteraceae and the Fabaceae are dominant. These medicinal plants can treat 58 illnesses and symptoms, of which rheumatism and constipation are the most frequently treated. The leaves and aerial parts prepared in decoction or infusion in water are considered the most common preparations. Concerning the other uses (food, fodder, artisanal, veterinary), 17 medicinal plants also have a fodder interest, 15 are used as human food, nine have artisanal interests, and three are used to care for livestock (notably the dromedary). There is still a great wealth of ethnobotanical and especially ethnomedicinal information among the Tuareg ethnic group from Tamanrasset. The preservation of this ethnoflora is necessary for the sustainability of this traditional medicine in the Algerian Sahara.

Keywords: ethnoflore, plantes médicinales spontanées, pharmacopée traditionnelle, ethnomédecine, semi-nomades, touareg, usages multiples, ethnoflora, spontaneous medicinal plants, traditional pharmacopeia, ethnomedicinal knowledge, semi-nomads, Tuareg, multiple uses

Although the school used to take a leading role in the linguistic and cultural homogenization of the society by demonstrating indifference to linguistic and cultural diversity, today it must approach classroom uniformity differently, in order to take into consideration the linguistic and cultural knowledge and experiences of the students. Starting from an action-research done in a French-speaking elementary school, the article studies the contribution of the school to building a pluralistic society, and more specifically, its role in the students’ identity-construction process. The research is based on the analysis of the identity (re)configurations of Maghrebian students who have immigrated in France. It reveals identity figures that exceed the boundaries of an identity in which their usual way of seeing the world and their modes of thinking and expression restrict them to a unique, narrow view that is separate from the group identity. It shows how the different players in the classroom (teachers, and especially students) a) make the initially collective entity, the classroom, obsolete, b) break out traditional theoretical frameworks being used c) propose, by showing their diversity and by bringing out the overall differences in groups that were formerly homogenous and closed, a redefinition of the role the school should take in dealing with this complexity, whether pedagogically, socially or individually.