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Article 4(h) of the Constitutive Act of the African Union of July 11, 2000, as amended by the Protocol of February 3, 2003, provides for the right of the Union to intervene in a Member State in certain serious circumstances, namely: war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity as well as a serious threat to legitimate order as a way to restore peace and stability in the Member State of the Union. This provision constitutes a novelty in that it establishes the intervention of the organization to stop or avoid the perpetration of international crimes in a Member State that is incapable or unwilling to prevent them. As a result, it breaks with Article 13 of the Charter of the Organization of African Unity of 1963 where the principles of sovereign equality of all Member States and non-interference in the internal affairs of States were enshrined, without any exception. However, isn't this beautiful African recipe a poisoned gift? The aim of this article is to subject the African Union's right of intervention to an uncompromising analysis in order to better understand its different facets.

In recent years, Morocco has experienced an increase in temperatures and a decrease in precipitation, resulting in adverse effects on resource productivity, population well-being, and heightened vulnerability. This study focuses on analyzing the perceptions of the local population regarding the impacts of climate change on their livelihoods. The research was conducted in the mountainous area of the Beni Mellal-Khénifra region, Morocco, employing a participatory approach through seven workshops and twenty semi-structured interviews. In addition to qualitative methods, data were gathered from various sources, including statistics from the National Agency for Water and Forests, the Office for Development Cooperation, the High Commission for Planning, and the Department of Agriculture. The assessment of vulnerability through livelihoods and the measurement of the criticality of climate impacts (specifically droughts and floods) were integral to the research. The findings revealed that drought was perceived as the most significant hazard affecting resources, followed by floods. Utilizing a vulnerability matrix, resources were categorized into three groups based on their susceptibility to climate change: i) highly vulnerable resources (agricultural land, livestock, and arboriculture), ii) vulnerable resources (water resources, forests, and economic resources tied to cereal cultivation, beekeeping, and market gardening); and iii) moderately vulnerable resources, comprising those impacted by flooding (human lives, equipment, and material goods).

Keywords: moyens d’existence, communautés, vulnérabilité, changement climatique, l’évaluation participative de la vulnérabilité, Beni-Mellal-Khénifra, livelihoods, communities, vulnerability, climate change, participatory vulnerability assessment, Beni-Mellal-Khénifra

This article aims to study the socio-spatial structures known as «urban theatricalities» within the northern district of the city of Jijel (Algeria). It is from a scenic view focused on women's experiences and feminine presences in public space that the socio-urban areas of this district will unveil their contemporary acts and scenarios. This study raises the hypothesis according to which female users transcribe new urban texts on the boards of public space with «urban reconquest» scripts. It questions the why these recaptures, as well as the strategies of their staging through a lexical-scenic reading of urban scene, pictorial acts and canvases of spatial practices.

Keywords: Espace public, théâtralités urbaines, genre, femme, reconquête urbaine, pratiques de la vie quotidienne, mobilisation, Public space, urban theatricalities, gender, women, urban reconquest, practices of everyday life, mobilization, Espacio público, teatralidades urbanas, genero, mujer, reconquista urbana, prácticas de la vida cotidiana, movilización

Research Framework: When, in the 1980s, Malian immigrant couples chose to settle in France, they found themselves caught up in a system of “mutilated kinship” caused by emigration (Barou, 1991). A veritable “work of kinship” (di Leonardo, 1987) is required to maintain links with relatives who have remained in Mali, and to pass on to children born and socialized in France a sense of belonging to the family group, despite the distance.Objectives: This article looks at how children born in France in the 1980s and mid-1990s are socialized to family and transnational ties during their childhood and preadolescence - i.e., before their first stays in Mali.Methodology: The 50 in-depth life story interviews conducted out with ten Malian immigrant families enable us to reconstruct family socialization universes in retrospect.Results: I show at first that the recounting of the parental past, more than intergenerational transmission of first names, constructs affiliation to the family line. I then highlight how parental practices of mutual aid and welcoming transnational relatives to France help accustom children to their future duty of transnational redistribution and solidarity. Finally, I outline the socializing effects of regular visits to migrant workers’ hostels, where male relatives reside, by highlighting the gendered dimension of this socialization.Conclusions: Through these three processes of family socialization, children learn gendered family and transnational roles, even if their boundaries are partly blurred by migration. Sons learn above all an economic sense of family (sending money to relatives in Mali and supporting the family in France), while daughters are more socialized to a matrimonial sense of the family (marrying a male Malian relative and perpetuating the lineage).Contribution: At the crossroads of the sociology of socialization, the family and migration, this text contributes to our knowledge of the ordinary life of immigrant and/or transnational families, by emphasizing the socializing effects of transnational family configurations and their gendered variations.

Keywords: socialisation, familles transnationales, immigration, parenté, lien familial, pratiques éducatives, descendants d’immigrés, Sahel (Mali, Sénégal), France, socialization, transnational families, immigration, kinship, family ties, educational practices, descendants of immigrants, Sahel (Mali, Senegal), France, socialización, familias transnacionales, inmigración, parentesco, vínculos familiares, prácticas educativas, descendientes de inmigrantes, Sahel (Mali, Senegal), Francia

This article explores the role of local participatory financing (LPF) in the emergence of effectual entrepreneurship in the Sahelo-Saharan context. It is based on an ethnographic study conducted in fourteen villages in northern Burkina Faso. Faced with the limitations of conventional financing, which is often inaccessible to local entrepreneurs, this research examines how rural communities propose an autonomous development model based on both their endogenous resources and collective dynamics. The theoretical framework used is effectuation (Sarasvathy, 2001). The results reveal that the effectual approach promotes economic empowerment, strengthens solidarity networks, and reduces dependence on exogenous financing. Furthermore, contrary to critiques regarding the lack of strategic vision in effectuation, this study demonstrates that Sahelian communities develop an adaptive entrepreneurial governance, combining progressive coconstruction and opportunistic structuring. The article contributes to debates on the hybridization of entrepreneurial models in the African context. From a managerial perspective, it calls for rethinking support mechanisms by valuing local solutions and collective resilience.

Keywords: Entrepreneuriat effectual, Financement participatif de proximité (FPP), Communautés entreprenantes, Gouvernance communautaire, Résilience sahélienne, Effectual entrepreneurship, Local participatory financing, Entrepreneurial communities, Community governance, Sahelian resilience

This article shows how populations targeted by the basic mandatory health insurance program who cannot cover the amount of their contribution reconstruct and reconfigure the sense given to categories such as household, merit and targeting. Our analyses are based on a qualitative corpus built using semi-structured interviews and an ethnographic immersion in communities created on social media. These categories not only constitute constraining statistical and legal entities, they are also resources through which targeted populations can take action. They are socially reconfigured because they are associated with specific well-defined resources.

Keywords: ménage, mérite, ciblage, construction sociale des populations ciblées, construction sociale de la légalité, Household, merit, targeting, reconfiguration, social construction of targeted populations, social construction of legality, Familia, mérito, focalización, reconfiguración, construcción social de las poblaciones metas, construcción social de la legalidad